[Reading-hall-of-fame] A 4th of July Message

[Thomas Sticht]

July 2, 2023

A 4th of July Message:



IET/FCE for Freedom and Independence

Tom Sticht
International Consultant in Adult Education (Ret.)

Freedom and independence are never free. They are won by those willing to
stand up and work for these bedrock human values.

Twice in the 20th century the people of the United States rose up to defend
their freedom and independence. Among these people were hundreds of
thousands of immigrants who came to the United States to gain these human
rights and who then often found themselves fighting their own countrymen to
keep these rights.

To rapidly teach the English language and literacy during wartime the Army
followed a practice today called IET: Integrated Education and Training or
sometimes  FCE: Functional Context Education. In this educational method,
English language instruction and job-related instruction are taught
concurrently, in an integrated manner. In both World Wars I and II the
teaching of English was integrated with the teaching of military-related
and morale-building information to help the soldiers learn and perform
their jobs better.

IET/FCE  in World War I, 1917

See Uncle Sam.
U.S. stands for Uncle Sam.
U.S. stands for United States.
Uncle Sam stands for United States.
U.S.A. stands for United States of America.
I am for Uncle Sam.
I am for the United States of America.
I stand for Uncle Sam.
Uncle Sam stands for me.
I am an American.
See me stand for Uncle Sam.

This is the second lesson in the "Camp Reader for American Soldiers"
(Spaeth, 1919) used by thousands of foreign-born men who entered the Army
in World War I and needed to learn the English language. In the first
lesson, the men learned to say, "I am an American."

Used to teach literacy and the English language in what were called
Development Battalions, the Camp Reader was written by J. Duncan Spaeth,
Professor of English, Princeton University, and Educational Director, Army
Y. M. C. A. at Camp Wheeler in Georgia and Camp Jackson in South Carolina.
The book is the first book I have found that was intended to teach both
native-born illiterates and foreign-born immigrants to read and write the
English language. It also includes the first Teacher's Manual that presents
a theoretical understanding of conversational and written English,
including an introduction to "The Phonetic System of Reading" and an
Appendix which serves as a separate Teacher's Manual for those instructing
non-English speaking soldiers.

During World War I some 500,000 immigrants were drafted and thousands more
volunteered for service (Ford, 2001, p. 137). While not all needed to
learn  English, tens of thousands did need to and did. One of those who
volunteered for the Army was Louis Van Iersel, who was born in the
Netherlands. He  learned English with the help of the Y.M.C.A. and went to
war in Germany. There he was credited for heroism which saved the lives of
a thousand men and he was awarded America's highest military recognition,
the Medal of Honor (Ford, 2001, p. 140).

IET/FCE in World War II, 1943

World War II saw the nation once again enlisting hundreds of thousands of
men with no or very low literacy skills and others of foreign birth who
could speak and/or write little or no English. Once again, as in World War
I, Special Training Units were established to teach literacy and English
language to these soldiers.

One of the tools developed for teaching men to read and write was a
newspaper entitled "Our War." In the April 1943 issue there is a comic
strip which features Private Pete and his pal, Daffy, both fictional
characters who are in a Special Training Unit learning to read and write.
This strip also features Pedro, a friend of Pete and Daffy, who cannot
speak good English, but is nonetheless a good soldier. In the strip, Pete
and Daffy save Pedro from going A.W.O.L. (absent without official leave) by
explaining what A.W.O.L. means. They offer to help Pedro whenever he is not
sure about something, illustrating how soldiers from different cultural and
language backgrounds can work together.

In another issue of "Our War" Private Porfirio C. Gutierrez, a soldier in a
Special Training Unit wrote a letter home and said, "This is my first
letter in English. I have learned to read and write so that I can help
protect our country." By the war's end, over a quarter million troops had
been taught literacy and/or English language in the Special Training Units.

IET/FCE for Today's Immigrants

Today, hundreds of thousands  immigrants from all over the world are coming
to the United States  of America in search of freedom and independence. To
meet the needs of many of these immigrants, adult educators have again
developed  programs for those learning the English language follow a
similar approach to that of the Army in World Wars I and II and embed or
integrate the teaching of English within the functional context of
vocational training. These integrated job skills and academic skills
(reading, writing, math) programs continue to help thousands of
non-English speaking immigrants achieve social and economic freedom and
independence in their newly chosen homeland. And they do it faster and
with  greater retention and completion rates than sequential programs of
English  language followed by vocational education.

When we celebrate Independence Day this July 4th, we can be grateful that
the torch in the hand of the Statue of Liberty still shines and still
stands as a beacon for those escaping oppression, terrorism, and poverty.
Hundreds of thousands of immigrants from the past fought, and many died, so
we could keep the torch of liberty beaming. Our freedom and independence is
intact and thousands of new immigrants arrive each day to enjoy these
human  rights. But these rights are under attack still today, and sadly
many of the  new immigrants, like their forebears, will die fighting so
that their families and their new American neighbors can continue to enjoy
freedom and independence.

But freedom and independence are never free.

References


Ford, N. G. (2001). Americans All! Foreign-born Soldiers in World War I.
College Station, TX: Texas A & M University Press.

Spaeth, J. D. (1919). Camp Reader for American Soldiers. New York: The
International Committee of Young Men's Christian Association.

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