Sphaerophoria beattiei is endemic to the small and remote island of St Helena, in the South Atlantic Ocean. It was first discovered in 1976. This species is common over much of the island; adults are usually seen on open-structured flowers and the larvae are predatory, possibly on aphids. The increase in invasive non-native predatory species may threaten this species by reducing the overall population. Species of concern include various species of introduced orb-web spinning spiders, Common House Geckoes (Hemidactylus frenatus) and Springbok Mantis (Miomantis caffra). Introduced insect eating birds may also have an impact. However, overall this species appears not to currently be undergoing a continuing decline. It is a generalist which can be found in gardens and other non-native areas of vegetation. S. beattiei has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 58 km² and area of occupancy (AOO) of 48 km² and is known from 19 locations with no known continuing decline, therefore is assessed as Least Concern.
","Sphaerophoria beattiei is widespread on the island and inhabits a range of habitats across different altitudes. This species is found to be abundant at locations where Scrubwood (Commidendrum rugosum) and other native Asteraceae species such as Black Cabbage Tree (Melanodendron integrifolium) are found. It is likely that this species is important in pollinating some of the endemic plants, however this species is seen on open-structured flowers of many plant species. The larvae are predatory, possibly on aphids.
","The increase in invasive non-native predatory species may threaten this species by reducing the overall population. Species of concern include various species of introduced orb-web spinning spiders, Common House Geckos (Hemidactylus frenatus) and Springbok Mantis (Miomantis caffra). Introduced insect-eating birds may also have an impact.
",During two zoological expeditions (1966/67) over 100 specimens were collected from varied habitats across the island from Rupert’s Valley to the High Central Ridge. This species was collected during an invertebrate survey of the Central Peaks and Peak Dale’ (Mendel et al. 2008). 478 specimens were collected across 16 sites during the 2017 Darwin Plus funded invertebrate project. Peak Dale and the High Central Ridge appear to have the highest populations.
,Unknown,"Sphaerophoria beattiei is endemic to the island of St Helena, in the South Atlantic Ocean, and it is found widespread in a variety of habitats. It has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 58 km² and area of occupancy (AOO) of 48 km².
",There is no known use or trade of this species.,Terrestrial,"At the moment there is no need for specific conservation measures for this species, however, further research into its life history and ecology would help to inform conservation actions. Conservation restoration work implemented by the Government, Environment Management Division (EMD), and St Helena National Trust (SHNT) is ongoing across a range of areas of St Helena, predominantly in dryland areas and upland areas, particularly cloud forest. This includes propagating and planting of a wide range of endemic plant species suited to the appropriated areas, maintenance and invasive weed species clearance. This is helping to secure and improve habitat quantity and ecological function benefiting the whole system including the invertebrate contingent. The species is protected under the island's 2016 Environmental Protection Ordinance.
",Afrotropical,,FALSE,FALSE,Global 149115145,149115143,Merodon aberrans,Least Concern,,2021,2020-04-02 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
This species prefers unimproved, calcareous montane grassland and patchily-vegetated, herb-rich open areas within the fir (Abies) forest zone, in the Alps and Pyrenees. At lower altitudes, this species also occurs in warm and dry (thermophilous) Balkan Oak (Quercus) forest, in southeastern Europe. The adults visit the flowers of Apiaceae.
The area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are above the thresholds for threatened species in Europe and the EU27. It has been found in many localities. The continuous decline of the quality of its habitats, and the conversion of forest areas could be possible threats to this species. Although, it is widely distributed through Central and Southern Europe, further research on this species is needed, especially regarding its biology and ecology.
","This species prefers unimproved, calcareous montane grassland and patchily-vegetated, herb-rich open areas within the fir (Abies) forest zone, in the Alps and Pyrenees. At lower altitudes, it also occurs in warm dry (thermophilous) Balkan oak (Quercus) forest in southeast Europe. The adults visit the flowers of Apiaceae. The flight period is from May to July and in August at higher altitudes. The host plant and immature stages are unknown (Speight 2020).","The possible threats to this species are related to human activities, such as deforestation, logging, agriculture, and urbanisation.","In Europe, there are numerous subpopulations of this species. There is no information about population size and trend for this species, but it seems to be stable.
",Unknown,"In Europe and the EU27, this species is widely distributed in the mountains of Central and southern Europe. It is present throughout Central Europe, from Germany, the Czech Republic and the Alps (France, Switzerland, Austria) to Hungary and Romania and to Ukraine. In southern Europe it exists from the mountainous parts of Italy, Albania, the Balkans and Greece, including some Mediterranean islands, such as Crete. The data for Portugal and Spain have not been checked (Mengual et al. 2020, Speight 2020, A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). The area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are above the thresholds in Europe and the EU27 to be considered as a threatened species.Some point localities of this species are within protected areas categorized by the IUCN and the Natura 2000 network, for example, in the Nature Park Velebit in Croatia, Pindus and Olympus National Parks in Greece, National Park Durmitor in Montenegro, National Park Mavrovo in North Macedonia, in Serbia National Parks Fruška gora and Đerdap, and in Natural Park Vršačke planine.
The growing levels of urbanisation, logging and agriculture constantly escalate the degradation of forest and grassland and the disturbance of the habitats of this species, and so a continuous management of sites in protected areas is needed.
It is very important to increase awareness about this species. Further research is needed on its biology and ecology, and further monitoring of its population and habitat trends are required.
",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Europe 149115155,149115153,Merodon albifasciatus,Least Concern,,2021,2020-01-30 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"This European endemic species is known from scattered records in Greece, coastal parts of Croatia, and northern peninsula Italy. It prefers Mediterranean maquis and forests (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020), and the adults visit flowers of Carlina, Dittrichia viscosa, and Drimia species (Vujić et al. 2018, 2020).This species prefers Mediterranean maquis and forests (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). The flight period is in April and May, and in September and October. The adults visit flowers of Carlina, Dittrichia viscosa, and Drimia species (Vujić et al. 2018, 2020). The larva is unknown, but it is most probably associated with Drimia as host plant, possibly either Drimia numidica, or Drimia aphylla on East Aegean islands (Vujić et al. 2020).
","The habitat of this species is threatened by fires, which are becoming more frequent and intense. Overgrazing by livestock is an additional threat, especially on Andros, Samos and Crete (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). Infrastructure development (mostly due to tourism) can also harm the habitat of this species to some extent.","There is no information about the population trend. A total of 36 specimens have been collected so far. Two specimens were collected in Croatia (one in 1983, one in 2014), one was collected in Italy (in 1986). The rest of the specimens are from Greece (between 1925 and 2018) (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).",Unknown,"This European endemic species is known from Greece, on the Peloponnese peninsula, Crete, and on some Aegean islands such as the Cyclades, as well as in the coastal zone of southeastern Greece (Vujić et al. 2020, Speight 2020). It also exists in Croatia and Italy.
In Europe and the EU 27, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 368,678 km2, and its currently known area of occupancy (AOO) is 56 km2.
",This species is not utilised.,Terrestrial,"There are no ongoing conservation actions known for this species. Five point localities occur within the Natura 2000 network, and their protection should be implemented consistently. Research on its ecology, and population size and trend, as well as on the threats is needed. Areas where it occurs should be protected. Monitoring its population and habitat trends is also required.",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Global & Europe 149115165,149115163,Merodon adriaticus,Endangered,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),2021,2019-11-08 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
The Adriatic coast in Croatia and Montenegro is the only known area of Merodon adriaticus. It is a Mediterranean species and its habitats are increasingly destructed by tourism. Only five specimens in three localities have been recorded, although in Montenegro the species is considered Possibly Extinct since it has not been recorded there since 1997). It is considered to be likely that this species is endemic to this area. Based on the small geographic range of the species (the area of occupancy is 8-12 km2, the extent of occurrence is 45-1,127 km2) with only two (possibly three) locations based on the continuing decline of the habitat quality because of the intensive tourism, it is assessed as Endangered in Europe and the EU27.
We propose the monitoring of its population, as well as the monitoring of the habitat trend. Further research on life history and ecology of this species is needed.
","This species prefers Mediterranean scrub and evergreen Adriatic thermophilous oak (Quercus) forest. The adults are active during August. It occurs in coastal areas. The developmental stages are unknown (Veselić et al. 2017, Speight 2020). The host plant is also unknown.","The increasing tourism (and the expansion of tourism infrastructure), residential urbanisation and wine industry (expanding of vineyards), as well as the frequent threats from fires during hot and dry summers constantly increase the disturbance of the habitat and can have a negative impact on the population.","The population size and trend of this species is unknown. The locality in Montenegro may not be extant, and in Croatia it has been found in low numbers.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe, with records from the Adriatic coast of Croatia and Montenegro (Veselić et al. 2017). Until now, it has been recorded only from three point localities (Veselić et al. 2017, Speight 2020). In Montenegro, the species has not been recorded since 1997, although surveys have been carried out systematically. Therefore, it can be considered as possibly extinct there. In Croatia, it was last recorded in 2017.The area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km2 and the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 200 km2, both of them are below the thresholds for threatened categories. Based on the small geographic range of the species with only three locations based on the continuing decline of its habitat quality because of the intensive overgrazing by livestock, the species is assessed as Endangered.
This species has been found in one national park (Gran Sasso and Monti della Laga National Park) and a regional park (Sirente-Velino). These belong to the Natura 2000 network. Although these areas are protected, grazing by livestock is still intensive (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). This activity should be controlled and maintained at sustainable levels in order to protect this species.
It has only been recorded in 1960. Additional monitoring of its population and habitat trends is needed. Additional research on its biology and ecology, as well as its population size and trend is required. It is essential to establish the exact host plant for the development of the larvae.
Introducing this endemic species to the National List of protected species, as well as increasing awareness about it, are also very important.
",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,"Global, Europe & Mediterranean" 149115188,149115186,Merodon aerarius,Least Concern,,2021,2020-02-05 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN).
In Europe and the EU27, the species is only known in Greece, in areas that are increasingly destroyed by tourism. Fire and overgrazing by livestock can also negatively influence the population (S. Radenković pers. comm. 2020). Based on the small area of occupancy (AOO) (32 km2) with only four locations based on tourism as the main threat, and because of the the continuing decline of the habitat quality, this species is assessed as Endangered in Europe. It is unlikely that populations from outside Europe would provide a rescue effect.
We propose the monitoring of the population, as well as the habitat trend. Further research on the life history and ecology of this species is also needed.
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
This species is widely distributed in Central and Southern Europe. This species prefers open grounds, stony, unimproved, non-calcareous dry grasslands and open, tall-herb areas in deciduous and evergreen Quercus forests (Vujić et al. 2020). It also occurs on calcareous substrates in sweet chestnut forest, herb-rich meadows, and bushes below road and pine forests (Ricarte et al. 2012).
The area of occurrence (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are above thresholds for threatened category in Europe and EU27. A continuous decline in the quality of the habitat due to anthropogenic interference (for example deforestation, logging, agriculture, urbanization, tourism - especially on the Mediterranean coast) is possible. A lot of further research is needed about this species, especially on its biology and ecology, population size and trend.
This species prefers open ground, stony, unimproved, non-calcareous dry grasslands and open, tall-herb areas in deciduous Quercus (Quercus fraineto, Quercus cerris, Q. pubescens) and evergreen Quercus (Q. coccifera, Q.ilex) forests (Vujić et al. 2020). It also occurs on calcareous substrates in sweet chestnut forests, herb-rich meadows, and bushes below road and pine forests (Ricarte et al. 2012).
The adults visit flowers of Urginea maritima (Standfuss and Claussen 2007), Chrysanthemum, Euphorbia, Helianthemum, Ranunculus, Scabiosa, Senecio, white-flowered Umbelliferae (Vujić et al. 2011), Leucanthemum, Ferula (Vujić et al. 2020) and Thymus (Speight 2020). The flight period is from the end of April until October (Vujić et al. 2020). The host plant and immature stages are not known (Speight 2020).
",Possible threats include habitat degradation due to intense tourism on the Mediterranean coast and conversion of forest areas (logging) because of infrastructure development (urbanization).,"There are numerous subpopulations of this species in central and southern Europe. There is no information about the population size and trend.
",Unknown,"This species is widely distributed in central and southern Europe. Its range extends to the east to Ukraine (Crimea), from central France south to the Mediterranean and from western Spain eastwards through central (Switzerland, Austria, Hungary) and southern Europe (Sardinia, Sicily, Italy, the Balkans, Greece, Bulgaria, Romania) to Turkey (Speight 2020, A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). The area of occurrence (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are above the thresholds for threatened categories in Europe and EU27.Some point localities of this species are within protected areas categorized by the IUCN and Natura 2000 network, such as the Natural Park Grazalema in Spain, Olympus National Park in Greece, National Park Durmitor in Montenegro, and the National Park Đerdap in Serbia.
The increasing tourism, urbanization, logging and agriculture can disturb the habitats of the species, so continuous management of sites in protected areas is needed. Raising awareness about this species is very important. Further research on its threats, biology and ecology is needed. More monitoring on population and habitat trends is also required.
",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Europe 149115218,149115216,Merodon ambiguus,Endangered,B2ab(iii),2021,2019-11-14 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
Within the European region, this species is distributed in southeastern Europe, in Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece. The species prefers mesophilous and thermophilous deciduous forests and unimproved grasslands with scrub. It occurs in track-sides and tall-herb open areas in Eastern thermophilous oak (Quercus) forests. The adults are extremely fast-flying and wary species, who are very difficult to catch with a hand net. They often appear at open areas and track-sides, where they fly mostly within one meter of the ground surface, around and through tall-herb vegetation and the foliage of the lowest branches of trees.
The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe is 52 km2, and it is 36 km2 in the EU27. Since it has a small area of occupancy (AOO), with only five locations based on the continuing decline of the habitat quality because of tourism, fire, and other threats, it is assessed as Endangered in Europe. There is no rescue effect of subpopulations from outside of the assessment region. Although its known localities occur within protected areas, they are largely under threat by tourism. We propose the monitoring of population, as well as the monitoring of the habitat trends. Further research on life history and ecology of this species is needed.
","The species prefers mesophilous and thermophilous deciduous forests and unimproved grasslands with scrub. It occurs on the sides of tracks and tall-herb open areas in Eastern thermophilous oak (Quercus) forests.Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
This endemic species is distributed on high European mountains. It occurs in the Alps in France, Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Italy and Slovenia, on the Apennine Peninsula and the Dinaric mountain range in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Bulgaria (Vujić et al. 2020). This species prefers open grounds and unimproved, calcareous montane grasslands.
The area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are above thresholds for threatened categories. A possible decline in the quality of the habitat due to urbanization, tourism, logging and agriculture can threaten this montane species. This species is distributed in the high mountains of Central Europe, and on the Balkan and Apennine peninsulas. However, a lot of further research on this species is needed, especially on its biology and ecology, population size and trend.
","Speight (2020) listed the biological data of this species under the name Merodon aeneus. It prefers open grounds and unimproved, calcareous montane grasslands. The adults are known to visit the flowers of Apiaceae and Anthericum ramosum, Leucanthemum vulgare, Mentha, Ranunculus, Solidago, and Taraxacum. The flight period is from the end of May until August. At higher elevations, the peak is in July to August. The immature stages and the host plant are unknown.","The major threats are habitat loss and fragmentation. Traffic (road networks), tourism and logging on mountains can negatively influence the habitat of this species.",The population trend is unknown.,Unknown,"This European endemic species is known from the high European mountains. It occurs in the Alps in France, Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Italy and Slovenia, in the Apennines on the Italian Peninsula, and in the Dinaric mountain range in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Bulgaria (Vujić et al. 2020). The area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) are above the thresholds for threatened categories.",This species is not utilised.,Terrestrial,"There are no known conservation actions targeting this species so far. Some point localities are within protected areas categorized by the IUCN and the Natura 2000 network: the National Parks Mercantour, Vanoise and Écrins, Regional Parks Préalpes d'Azur and Haut-Jura in France, the National Park Abruzzo and Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga, Natural Park Adamello Brenta, Parc Ela, in Italy, National Park Triglav in Slovenia, National Park Kopaonik, Natural Park Golija and Stara Planina in Serbia, and National Park Rila in Bulgaria.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The species is distributed across Europe, and the Palearctic realm in general. It is found in open ground, dry grassland and clearings in dry woodland. It also occurs in suburban gardens and land used for horticultural purposes. This species is assessed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, because the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and in the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category, and the species has a presumed large and stable population. Nonetheless, the species may be Endangered in some parts of its range such as in southeast Europe, thus, population trends need to be monitored.
","This species prefers open ground, dry grassland, and clearings in dry woodland. It also occurs in suburban gardens and land used for horticultural purposes. It flies close to the ground, in sparsely vegetated grassland and woodland clearings, and over flowerbeds in gardens. It is fast-flying, settling often on bare ground or stones. Adults visit many flowers, including Bindweed (Convolvulus), Surge (Euphorbia), Strawberries (Fragaria), Ox-eye Daisy (Leucanthemum) and Buttercups (Ranunculus) (Speight 2018). The larva has been described by various authors, including Hodson (1927, 1932) and illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1994): it feeds on damaged bulbs of Amaryllis (Amaryllis), Hyacinths (Hyacinthus) and Daffodil (Narcissus). It is classified as a minor pest of horticulture, but larvae are unable to complete their development in the absence of fungi infesting the bulbs (Creager and Spruijt 1935). It has not been established whether the larva carries the fungus it requires, enabling it to infect the bulb so as to provide itself with a food supply. This species overwinters as a larva (Brunel and Cadou 1994).","There are no major threats known for the species, but it may be Endangered in some parts of its range such as in Southeast Europe since it is quite rare there. Giving that it could develop in suburban ecosystems, it is not clear what poses a potential threat to this species (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","There are no data about the population trend for this species, but given that it is distributed in much of the Palearctic realm, its population is presumed to be stable. However, in southeast Europe it is quite rare and potentially at a risk of disappearing (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).",Stable,"This species probably originated in the Mediterranean Basin but is becoming increasingly cosmopolitan. It is now known from much of the Palaearctic region. It can be found in all European countries, including the islands. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and in the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category.There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. It is found in numerous Natura 2000 sites, such as at Ria Formosa / Castro Marim in Portugal, Rock of Gibraltar in Gibraltar, Sierras de Gádor y Enix and Illa de Tabarca in Spain and Fascia altomontana dell'Etna and Pineta di Adrano e Biancavilla on Sicily (European Environment Agency 2020). Area and habitat protection is needed. Research into its taxonomy, population size, distribution, trends and threats is required. Monitoring of its population and habitat trends is also needed.
",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,"Global, Europe & Mediterranean" 149163259,149163257,Eumerus crassus,Vulnerable,B2ab(iii),2021,2019-11-14 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)There are no specific conservation measures in place for this species. It occurs at a few Natura 2000 sites in Greece, such as at Voreia Lesvos, Notiodytiki Chersonisos, Apolithomeno Dasos Lesvou, Lesvos Paraktioi Ygrotopoi Kai Kolpos Kallonis, Lesvos Kolpos Geras, Elos Ntipi Kai Oros Olympos – Potamos Evergetoulas, Voreia Chios and Samos: Oros Ampelos (Karvounis) (European Environment Agency 2020). Habitat and area protection are important conservation actions that are needed. Research into its taxonomy, population size, distribution and trend, life history, ecology and threats is required. Further monitoring of its population and habitat trends is also needed.
",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Europe 149163269,149163267,Eumerus consimilis,Least Concern,,2021,2019-10-31 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
This European endemic species is assessed as Least Concern globally and for the ERU Member States because of its relatively large range across the Mediterranean region in Europe; however being quite rare in western and eastern European countries. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category. The species prefers open forest ground. It is affected by deforestation, habitat conversion into farmland, and urbanization. Resource and habitat protection are needed for this species. The population size, distribution, and trends, life history and ecology, and threats should be investigated.
The species prefers open forest ground. It lives in open, scrub-invaded areas and tracksides in well-drained, sandy hardwood forest, and warm-dry Oak (Quercus) forest. It also occurs beside rivers in karstic Downy Oak (Quercus pubescens) savanna. Adults visit Rock Rose (Helianthemum) flowers (Speight 2020). The early stages of Eumerus hoverflies can be found in the fleshy parts of the bulbs, stems and roots of various plants, but there are no records of the larval stages of this species.
","This species is affected by deforestation, habitat conversion into farmland, and urbanization (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). No immediate conservation actions are required.","There is no information about the population trend for this species. Overall, it is considered to be widespread, but rare in some parts of its range (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe, known from scattered records in mainland Portugal and Spain, then more widespread records through France and Italy to Greece in southeastern Europe (Speight 2020). The species is apparently absent from parts of the western Balkans, however this may be a result of a lack of survey. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and in the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category.",This species is not used or traded.,Terrestrial,"There are no current conservation actions in place for this species. The species likely occurs in protected areas across its range, and it is found in Sotos y Mejanas del Ebro in Spain (Ricarte et al. 2013) and Stura di Lanzo in Italy, which are part of the Natura 2000 network (D. Sommaggio pers. comm. 2020). It is found in the Đerdap National Park in Serbia and in Durmitor National Park in Montenegro, and also occurs in the area of the Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor Unesco World Heritage Site (whc.unesco.org). Resource and habitat protection are needed for this species. The population size, distribution, trends, life history, ecology and threats should be investigated.",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Global & Europe 149163279,149163277,Eumerus clavatus,Least Concern,,2021,2020-03-13 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
This species is assessed as Least Concern for Europe and for the EU27 Member States because of its relatively large range across Europe; however, it is quite rare in eastern European countries. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category. The species prefers the temperate forest of European beech. It is threatened mainly by changes in the precipitation pattern due to climate change and ozone air pollution. Monitoring of the population trends is required as well as further research into the species' life history and ecology and threats is needed.
","The species prefers Fagus sylvatica forest. Adults fly low in and around the edges of thickets of Rubus in the sun, in clearings and open areas, settling on bare ground or low-growing plants (Speight 2018). The early stages of Eumerus hoverflies can be found in the fleshy parts of the bulbs, stems and roots of various plants, but there are no records of the larval stages of this species.","The habitat of this species is Beech forests, which are affected by an increase of periods of drought in summer and periods of heavy rain in spring and fall, with oxygen depletion in the soil caused by climate change, especially in the south (Rennenberg et al. 2004). Other main threats are pollution, particularly air pollution by tropospheric ozone which primarily damages the leaves (Cailleret et al. 2018). Currently, no conservation measures are required to preserve this species.","There are no data on population trends of this species, but it is assumed to be stable. It is observed to be rare, but could be locally common (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).",Stable,"Within the European region, this species is found from north-western Spain, southern and northeast France to the south of Spain, as well as in Germany, Greece, the Danube floodplain in Romania, the Balkan countries, and Ukraine (Speight 2020).
The range of the species extends out of the European region to Anatolia in Turkey (R. Hayat pers. comm. 2019), the Caucasus region, and North Africa (Speight 2020, Vujić et al. 2020). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category.
Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
The species is endemic to the eastern Mediterranean island of Lesvos and Lake Ohrid in North Macedonia. It is assessed as Endangered because it has a very restricted geographic range with an area of occupancy (AOO) of 28 km2 and an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 2,065 km2, the number of locations is three to five with two to four being on Lesvos and one near the Lake Ohrid, where no specimens have been recorded since 1955, and a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat. There are less than 20 findings of the species so far. Targeted investigations are necessary to estimate population size and gather more information about this species' ecology and possible threats to it. There are no known conservation actions for the species so far. Further area and habitat protection is needed. Research on taxonomy, population size, distribution and trends, life history and ecology, and threats is needed for this species. Further monitoring of the population trends is also required.
The species is endemic to Europe, where it is known from two collections; from Lake Ohrid in North Macedonia (record from 1955; Coe 1957) and further research is required to see if it still occurs there), and from several areas on Lesvos Island in Greece (Ricarte et al. 2012). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 2,065 km2 and area of occupancy (AOO) 28 km2. The number of locations are three to five with two to four on Lesvos, and one near Lake Ohrid . It is found up to 1,200 m above sea level.
",This species is not used or traded.,Terrestrial,"There are no known conservation actions for this species so far, but area and habitat protection is needed. It occurs at a few Natura 2000 sites on Lesvos, such as at Kolpos Geras, Eli Ntipi Kai Charamida, Notiodythiki Chersonisos, and Apolithomendo Dasos Lesvou (natura2000.eea.europa.eu). The records from Lake Ohrid are within the Galichica National Park and Ohrid region World Heritage Site.
Further intensive surveys are needed to find new records between between Lake Ohrid and Lesvos, and to find possible subpopulations. Research on taxonomy, population size, distribution and trends, life history and ecology, and threats is needed for this species. Further monitoring of the population trends is also required.
The species is assessed as Endangered since it is endemic to the Canary Islands and is found on only two islands, with old records from more than 30 years ago. Its area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km2 and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 382 km2. There is a continuing decline in the extent of and quality of its habitat due to goat overgrazing, agriculture, and tourism, resulting in two to four locations for the species. No details are known about the habitat or ecology of the species. Further research into the ecological preferences of the species as well as into its population, distribution, and trends might help preserve it. Monitoring of the species habitat trends is also required.
","The larva of this species presumably feeds on plants, developing in bulbs or other infested underground organs, like other species of this genus. No details are known about its habitat or ecology. The flight period of the adults is in February (Speight 2018).","So far, the species has only been found on two Canary Islands, both inhabited. There is a documented problem with overgrazing of feral and domestic invasive goats on Fuerteventura (Arevalo et al. 2012). Besides this, widespread subsistence agriculture and tourism due to the high tourist numbers on the island present additional pressure for this rare species (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019).","The population size and trend for this species remain unknown, due to a lack of information. All the records are from 1977, a total 17 specimens (Báez 1982) from two Canary islands. No targeted surveys have been conducted in order to find this species after its discovery.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the Canary Islands in Spain (Speight 2018), where it is found on the islands of Fuerteventura and Lanzarote. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is 382 km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 24 km2. It is found between 200 and 453 metres above sea level.",This species is not used or traded.,Terrestrial,"There are no known conservation actions for this species so far. It occurs in protected areas within the Natura 2000 network. Conservation of damaged and fragmented habitat is needed, as well as the control of grazing of invasive goats that is causing further habitat destruction. Raising awareness about its rarity, as well as its listing in national legislation, are also needed. Further research into its ecological preferences as well as into its population, distribution and trends might help preserve it. Monitoring of habitat use is also required (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019).",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Global & Europe 149163319,149163317,Eumerus basalis,Least Concern,,2021,2020-03-10 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The species is assessed as Least Concern for Europe and for the EU27 Member States because of its relatively large range across the Mediterranean region, the Balkan Peninsula, European Turkey and Ukraine, where it may be common and because its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe and in the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category. The species prefers broad-leaved, evergreen forest, and Mediterranean shrub formations. The species usually occurs in natural unimproved ecosystems and is affected by fires and water shortages due to climate change and habitat loss due to land degradation caused by urban development, commercial and industrial areas and coastal tourism development. Research into the threats of the species and monitoring of the population trends are needed. The species population trend is presumed to be stable.
","The species prefers broad-leaved, evergreen forest and high maquis scrubland of Quercus ilex. It is found in Mediterranean shrub formations, evergreen Mediterranean forest with Laurus nobilis, and dry forests of warm environments in general (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). Adults visit Smyrnium perfoliatum (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). The early stages of Eumerus hoverflies can be found in the fleshy parts of the bulbs, stems, and roots of various plants, but there are no records of the larval stages of this species.","Wildfires and water shortages due to climate change pose a major threat to the Mediterranean forests where the species occurs. Land degradation caused by urban development, commercial and industrial areas and coastal tourism development are also significant threats (CEPF 2010).","There are no data on population size and trends of this species, but it is assumed to be stable. It is observed to be locally common (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).",Stable,"This species is found in Mediterranean parts of Europe, from north-eastern mainland Spain, southern France and Corsica, to Greece (including Crete and Rhodes), and east to Romania, Ukraine, and European Turkey. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of the species in Europe and in the EU 27 are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
Eumerus amoenus is assessed as Least Concern since its range is relatively large and the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category. The species usually occurs in natural unimproved ecosystems, but it can also be found as a secondary pest in onion bulbs, which is why it is quite common in some parts of the area. The species is listed as Critically Endangered in Germany, where it is situated on the northern border of the species' distribution (Ssymank et al. 2011). Further research into threats and the monitoring of population trends is required for this species.
","The species prefers warm-dry Quercus forest and unimproved, permanent grassland with an overgrowth of taller vegetation such as Pteridium. It is found in hedges and edges of crop fields and vegetable gardens in southern Europe. It flies among low-growing vegetation at up to one meter from the ground, often in partially-shaded conditions, for example hedges, bramble patches, and bracken stands. In the sun, it settles on leaves and on pathside vegetation, for example the main stem of a Pteridium frond or on the ground. On the ground, the species uses short vegetation rather than bare soil or stones to settle on (Speight 2018). Adults visit Smyrnium olusatrum (Ssymank 2012). Efflatoun (1922) records that the species has been reared from potato tubers, water melon, grapes, rotten paw-paw, and damaged rhizomes of Iris germanica. It has also been reared from Allium in the vicinity of Bordeaux (Speight 2018). The larvae commonly damages onion crops in Egypt (Assem and Nasr 1967).","Natural habitat loss as a consequence of urbanization and agriculture affects this species (EEA 2016), but due to the fact that it can also be found as a secondary pest in onion bulbs (Efflatoun 1922, Assem and Nasr 1967), it is assumed that the population is not under threat.","There is no information about the population size of this species, but the species is believed to be stable in the EU 27 and in Europe. Due to the fact that the species larvae develop in onion bulbs (Efflatoun 1922, Assem and Nasr 1967), the species is quite common in some parts of its range.",Stable,"The species is widely distributed in Europe, from the Iberian Peninsula (mainland Portugal and Spain), through central and southern France, and through the Mediterranean Basin to European Turkey, including the Mediterranean islands (e.g., Cyprus, Rhodes, and Crete). Its range extends in the European region around the northern parts of the Black Sea and to southern European Russia. It is present in the Canary Islands, in the Azores, as well as in southern Germany, Austria, Switzerland and central Europe.Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
This European endemic species is assessed as Least Concern both globally and for the EU 27 Member States since it has a relatively large distribution throughout Europe and the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) of this species in Europe are significantly greater than the values for the application of a threatened category. Frequent fires caused by human negligence and climate change as well as overgrazing in montane grasslands pose a threat to this species. Further research about taxonomy, population size, distribution and trends, threats, and life history and ecology are needed for this species. Monitoring of the population trends of this species is also needed and no immediate conservation actions are required.
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
This species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU27 because it is widespread, known from many localities and the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27. A continuing declining in the quality of its habitat and conversion of forest area is inferred. It is distributed throughout the whole of Europe except the Iberian Peninsula. However, further research is needed, especially into its biology and ecology.
","This species prefers conifer forest from the Fagus/Picea zone up into Picea forest, and on occasion it can also be found in humid Fagus forest. Adults are active from the end of May to July with occasional later specimens, especially at higher altitudes. Adults are active along tracksides, in clearings and in open, mature forest and visit the following flowers: yellow composites, umbellifers, Alliaria, Allium ursinum, Caltha, Cardamine, Cornus, Euphorbia, Fragaria, Malus, Meum, Potentilla, Ranunculus, Rubus, Salix, Sambucus and Sorbus aucuparia (Speight 2018). The developmental stages are undescribed, but Kula (1982) records larvae as overwintering among leaf litter on the floor of spruce (Picea) forest. The morphology of the chorion of the egg is figured by Kuznetzov (1988).
","The most plausible threat is destruction of the forest habitat of this species due to urbanization, agriculture, tourism etc. Climate change may also influence its distribution. A loss of 10 to 30% of its distribution, mainly in central and eastern Europe, was predicted under BCC_CSM1.1, HADGEM2-ES and CCSM4 climate models using species distribution modelling (Milić et al. 2019).
","The population trend of this species is unknown. It has been recorded from throughout Europe. In the places where it occurs, there seem to be relatively well-established subpopulations.
",Unknown,"This species is distributed from Finland south to the Pyrenees, Bulgaria and the former Yugoslavia, and through northern and central Europe into European Russia.More than 50% of its known localities are within protected areas. In Serbia some subpopulations are found in Kopaonik National Park and in Montenegro in Durmitor National Park. Continuous management of sites is recommended. Further studies of its population size, threats and ecology is needed. Monitoring of its population and habitat trends is required.
",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Europe 149163362,149163359,Pipiza noctiluca,Least Concern,,2021,2020-02-28 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
This species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU27 because it is widespread and known from many localities, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27. A continuing decline in the quality of the habitat, and conversion of forest area may be locally impacting this species. Although distributed throughout Europe, further research is needed, especially into its biology and ecology.
","This species can be found in forest/water-edge ecotones - edges of open areas and tracksides in Atlantic scrub, conifer forest, conifer plantations, Salix forest and Quercus forest, tall-herb formations along streams in deciduous forest, around fens and at pool or lake edges in open country, and suburban gardens and along hedges in farmland. Adults fly among tall ground vegetation and within edges of thickets of Rubus etc., along hedges, tracks within woodland and in open areas in deciduous woodland and scrub and among tall-herb vegetation of humid grassland. They are know to visit umbellifers, Crataegus, Filipendula, Ranunculus, Rosa, Stellaria and Taraxacum. Adults are active from May/beginning of June to the end of July/beginning September, with peaks in June and August. The larva is aphid-feeding on tall herbs, bushes and shrubs up to 3 m from the ground (Speight 2018). Dussaix (2013) notes that, in what is probably this species, the mature larva undergoes a diapause of some weeks before formation of the puparium, and that duration of the puparial phase is approximately 2 weeks. Rojo and Marcos-Garcia (1997) found larvae on Populus, fruit trees (Prunus spp., Pyrus) and shrubs (Pistachio spp.). From oviposition to emergence of adults, development takes approximately 1.5 months, but may be interrupted by larval diapause. Overwintering occurs in larval diapause.","Urbanization and tourism as well as expansion of their infrastructure are the most plausible threats to this species. Species distribution models have predicted range declines of up to 15% under BCC_CSM1.1, HadGEM2-ES and CCSM4 climate models by 2070 (Milić et al. 2019).
","There is no information about population size and trend for this species. In the places where it occurs, there seem to be relatively well-established subpopulations. The species has been collected from 1914 until the present.",Unknown,"This European endemic is distributed throughout the whole of Europe, including Russia and Turkey (Vujić et al. 2013). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,Terrestrial,"More than 50% of point localities are within protected areas categorized by the IUCN and the Natura 2000 network. In Montenegro some point localities within Durmitor National Park and one subpopulation is situated in Boka-Kotorska Bay World Heritage Site. In Serbia some subpopulation are within national parks and natural parks. Continuous management of sites is recommended. Further investigation on its population size, threats and ecology is needed. More monitoring of its population and habitat trends is required.
",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Global & Europe 149163372,149163370,Pipiza luteitarsis,Least Concern,,2021,2020-02-28 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
Despite having a small area of occupancy in both Europe and the EU 27, this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU27. It is widespread and known from many localities and is not considered severely fragmented. A continuing decline in the quality of the habitat is ongoing as a result of forest conversion. Further research is needed, especially into its biology and ecology.
","This species prefers deciduous forest; mature humid Fagus and acidophilous Quercus forest and woodland and thermophilous Quercus forest. It can also be found in mature suburban gardens. Adults are to a significant extent arboreal, flying at up to 5 m from the ground around the foliage of mature trees and shrubs. They settle on foliage of the lower branches of oak and beech at the edge of clearings and paths etc., and on bushes, e.g. Rubus fruticosus. Adults are active from the middle of April to the end of May (with occasional later records) and are known to visit the flowers of Acer platanoides, Crataegus, Euphorbia, Malus, Prunus spp., Ranunculus and Tussilago. The larva was described and illustrated by Rotheray (1987), who found larvae on a number of occasions in June in colonies of the leaf-curl aphid Schizoneura ulmi (L.) in leaf-curl galls on Ulmus glabra. Rotheray et al. (2014) records finding P. luteitarsis larvae with the same leaf-curl aphid on Ulmus glabra in 2010, remarking that the larva appears to develop exclusively on Schizoneura ulmi, on its primary host, the foliage of Ulmus species. Rotheray (1987) observed that the larvae went into diapause in July, overwintered as larvae, pupated in the following April and May and hatched as adults in May-June (Speight 2018).
","Urbanization and tourism as well as the expansion of associated infrastructure are the most plausible threats to this species. The loss of up to 20% of its distributional area was predicted for P. luteitarsis according to BCC_CSM1.1, HadGEM2-ES and CCSM4 climate models by 2070 using species distribution modelling (Milić et al., 2019).
","There is no information about population size and trend for this species. In the places where it occurs, there seem to be relatively well-established subpopulations. There are records from 1909 to the present.
",Unknown,"This European endemic is distributed from Fennoscandia south to Belgium and France, and from Ireland eastwards through central Europe (Speight 2018). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is large in Europe and the EU 27, but the area of occupancy (AOO) is only 380 km2 in Europe and in the EU 27 it is 194 km2.Approximately 40% of subpopulations are within protected areas categorised by the IUCN and the Natura 2000 network. In Montenegro one point locality lies within Durmitor National Park . In Serbia some subpopulation are within Fruška gora National Park and Obedska bara Special Nature Reserve. Anthropogenic disturbance can affect its habitats, so continuous management of sites is recommended. Further investigation of its population size, threats and ecology is needed. More monitoring of its population and habitat trend is required.
",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Global & Europe 149163382,149163380,Pipiza luteibarba,Endangered,B2ab(iii),2021,2020-02-27 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)
This species is assessed as Endangered in Europe on the basis that it has a calculated area of occupancy of 28 km2, it is considered to occur as a severely fragmented population (and in only five locations), and there is an inferred decline in the extent and quality of its habitat as a result of forest conversion.
This species is assessed as Critically Endangered in the EU27 on the basis that it has a calculated area of occupancy of 8 km2, it is considered to occur as a severely fragmented population (and may survive in only one location if it is extinct in Austria and Czechia), and there is an inferred decline in the extent and quality of its habitat as a result of forest conversion.
","This species prefers deciduous forest and tall-herb open areas along rivers in the Balkan thermophilous Quercus forest of Q. pubescens/Q. cerris/ Q. frainetto and in alluvial hardwood forest. Adults are active during April. There are no data about adult habits, flowers visited or developmental stages (Vujić et al. 2008, 2013; Speight 2020), but the larva must be aphidophagous.
","Urbanization and expansion of tourism infrastructure are the most plausible threat. Wildfire can also negatively affect the subpopulation in Greece during hot dry summers, and this threat may increase in the future as a result of climate change.
","The population trend of this species is unknown. The records from Czechia and Austria are old. Detailed surveys of the syrphid fauna in Austria (H. Helge pers. comm. 2020) and Czechia (Jirka pers. com. 2020) not resulted in confirmation of its recent presence in these countries. The most recent record is from Greece (2011). Only one or two specimens have been found at each locality, despite surveys particularly in Greece and Serbia. It may be extinct at one locality in eastern Serbia, since it has not been reconfirmed since the first record in 1989 (Vujić et al. 2008) despite monitoring during the last five years.",Unknown,"The species is endemic to Europe, known only from seven point localities in Czechia, Austria, Serbia, and Greece (Samos island) (Vujić et al. 2013). The exact locality of the Austrian record is unknown.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,Terrestrial,"The locality in Czechia lies within a protected area in the Natura 2000 network. Two point localities in Serbia are within the Obedska bara Special Nature Reserve. Considering it for inclusion in national lists of protected species is very important, as well as increasing awareness about this European endemic. Continuous management of sites is recommended. Further investigation of its population size, threats and ecology is needed, as is more monitoring of the population and habitat trends.
",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Global & Europe 149163392,149163390,Pipiza lugubris,Least Concern,,2021,2020-02-27 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)Despite its small area of occupancy (AOO) this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and the EU27 because it is widespread, known from many localities and not currently considered to be severely fragmented. A continuing decline in the quality of its habitat, and conversion of forest area, are considered the main threats. Further research is needed, especially into its biology and ecology.
","This species prefers tall-herb tracksides and open areas in acidophilous Quercus and Quercus/Ulmus/Carpinus forest. Adult males hover in small groups at 2-3 m above the ground, in small open areas in oak forest, settling on foliage of trees in the sun. Adults visit white umbellifers, Crataegus, Euphorbia, Filipendula, Leontodon, Mentha, Potentilla erecta, Ranunculus, Rosa rugosa, Rubus and Stellaria. Adults are active from June and August/September, rarely seen in July; at the northern edge of its range it is in flight only in July/August. The developmental stages are undescribed (Speight 2020), but the larval stage must be aphidophagous.
","The most plausible threat is conversion of forests to other land-uses (urbanization, infrastructure, and agricultural development). Milić et al. (2019) predicted the loss of distributional area of 8-28% for P. lugubris by 2050 and 2070 according to BCC_CSM1.1, HadGEM2-ES and CCSM4 climate models, using species distribution modelling. However there was no strong evidence that climate change would significantly affect the species in Europe, particularly in Scandinavia.
","There is no information about population size for this species. In the places where it occurs there seem to be relatively well-established subpopulations. It has been recorded from 1883 until the present. It is still found regularly and is quite common in Finland, Sweden, Denmark, and southern Norway, the main centre of its distribution. In Fennoscandia, the population trend is stable, but the overall population trend is unknown.
",Unknown,"The known distributional range of this European endemic is in northwestern Europe: Fennoscandia, Poland, and from England and Wales through France and across central Europe (Vujić et al. 2013, Speight 2020) to Ukraine. Records published from European Russia in fact belong to Cryptopipiza notabila (A. Polevoi pers. comm. 2021). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is greater than the thresholds to be considered in any threatened category, but the area of occupancy (AOO) is 1436 km2 for Europe and 908 km2 and for the EU 27.
More than 50% of point localities are within protected areas. Continuous management of sites is recommended. Further investigation of its natural history is needed. More monitoring of population and habitat trends is required.
,Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Global & Europe 149163402,149163400,Pipiza laurusi,Endangered,B2ab(iii),2021,2020-02-24 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
This species is assessed as Endangered in both Europe and the EU27 on the basis that it has a small area of occupancy (32 km2 in Europe, and 24 km2 in the EU 27), occurs as a severely fragmented population in only 8 locations (4-5 in the EU 27), and there is a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat. It may have been lost from the locality in Montenegro, in which case it will have been subject to a decline in the extent of occurrence and area of occupancy. Further research is needed, especially into its natural history and ecology.
","This species prefers Laurus nobilis forest. Adults are active from April/May to July. There is no information about visited flowers. The developmental stages have not been described (Vujić et al. 2013, Speight 2018), but the larva must be aphidophagous.
","Expansion of tourism infrastructure and urbanization are the most plausible threats. Wildfire can also negatively affect its population, and also exposure to fires during hot dry conditions may be increasing as a result of climate change.
","The population trend of this species is unknown. It has been recorded from several point localities in three countries. The population is severely fragmented. In Montenegro, where the species was first recognized, surveys over the last seven years have not resulted in any new records. Forest with Laurus is the type locality, and these are fragmented and destroyed in most of areas because of logging and conversion to urban areas, and hence this species might have disappeared from the locality, but this requires confirmation.",Unknown,"This European endemic species is distributed only in Montenegro, North Macedonia and Greece (Vujić et al. 2013). It is considered to occur at eight locations, based on the threat of habitat destruction from land-use change. The area of occupancy (AOO) is 32 km2 in Europe, and 24 km2 in the EU 27, while the extent of occurrence (EOO) is large in both regions.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,Terrestrial,"Most point localities in Greece lie within the Natura 2000 network. The locality in Montenegro is situated in the Boka Kotorska Bay World Heritage site. It is very important to consider this species for listing into national lists of protected species, as well as increasing awareness about it. Further investigation into its natural history and ecology is needed. More monitoring is required.
",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Global & Europe 149163412,149163410,Pipiza fasciata,Least Concern,,2021,2020-02-24 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
This species is assessed as Least Concern on the basis that it is widespread and has been recorded from many localities. There is a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat, and conversion of forest area, but the majority of known localities are in protected areas. Further research on this species is needed, especially into its biology and ecology.
","This species prefers margins of and track sides in acidophilous Quercus forest, Quercus/Ulmus/Carpinus forest, humid Fagus forest and Picea forest. The adult flies through tall-herb vegetation and around shrubs, where it is active from April to August and visits umbellifers, Stellaria, and Ranunculus (Vujić et al. 2013). The developmental stages are undescribed (Speight 2018), but the larva must be aphidophagous.
","The most plausible threat to this species is conversion of forest area in order to develop urbanization and infrastructure, tourism, agriculture etc. It is projected to lose up to 35% of its distributional area by 2050 and 2070 according to BCC_CSM1.1, HadGEM2-ES and CCSM4 climate models using species distribution modelling (Milić et al. 2019).
","There is no information about the population size and trends for this species. In the places where it occurs, there seem to be relatively well-established subpopulations.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe, where it is distributed from Fennoscandia south to France, and from Germany eastwards through central Europe to the Balkan peninsula (Vujić et al. 2013).",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,Terrestrial,"More than 50% of point localities are within protected areas. Continuous management of sites is recommended. Further investigation on its population size, threats and ecology is needed. More monitoring of population and habitat trend are required.
",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Global & Europe 149163437,149163435,Pipiza carbonaria,Endangered,B2ab(iii),2021,2020-02-15 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
This species is assessed as Endangered in both Europe and the EU27 on the basis that it has an area of occupancy calculated at 100 km2 in Europe and around 12 km2 in the EU 27, a severely fragmented population (and is considered to occur in only three locations in the EU 27), and there is a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat due to conversion and degradation of forest. However, further research is needed, especially on its ecology.
","This species prefers forest margins and tracksides in Quercus forest. Adults are active during May and the beginning of June, where they fly through ground vegetation and visit flowers of Smyrnium and Stellaria. The developmental stages are undescribed (Vujić et al. 2013, Speight 2018), but the larvae must be aphidophagous.
",The most plausible threat is a continuing decline of habitat quality due to land-use change for urbanization/industrial development and tourism in protected areas.,"The population trend is unknown. It has been recorded from a single locality in Czechia, one in Austria and several in the Balkan peninsula, from 1957 to 2011 (most recently in Serbia). Most records are from Serbia. The population is considered severely fragmented. At the locality near Novi Sad in Serbia, it has not been seen in the last seven years, despite regular surveys.
",Unknown,"This European endemic is distributed in Czechia, Austria and on the Balkan Peninsula (Vujić et al. 2013, Speight 2018) at low elevations. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is large in Europe and the EU 27 whilst the area of occupancy (AOO) is only 100 km2 and in the EU 27, is estimated to be around 12 km2.Most localities in the Balkan peninsula are within protected areas, in Serbia in the Fruška gora National Park and Vršačke planine Natural Park, and in Montenegro in the Durmitor National Park. The important actions needed are its listing in the national lists of protected species, as well as increasing awareness about it. Continuous management of sites is recommended, especially in protected areas. Further investigation into its natural history and ecology is needed. More monitoring of its population and habitat trends is required.
",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Global & Europe 149163450,149163445,Pipiza austriaca,Least Concern,,2021,2020-02-15 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
This species is assessed as Least Concern on the basis that this has a large area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) and is known from numerous locations. A continuing decline in the quality of the habitat, and conversion of forest, is considered the main threat. It is distributed throughout the whole of Europe except the Iberian Peninsula. However, further research is needed, especially into its biology and ecology.
","This species prefers forest habitat, tall herbs and shrubs (e.g. thickets of Rubus fruticosus) at edges of open areas and tracks in deciduous (acidophilous Quercus) forest, conifer plantations and Atlantic scrub (including Corylus scrub on limestone pavement); tall herb vegetation edging fen and reed beds, pools and lakes; along hedges with an associated tall-herb, field-margin zone, in farmland; and crops of Solanum tuberosum. Adults are active from middle of June to the end of August and they fly through tall-herb ground vegetation and around shrubs; they visits mostly umbellifers, Euphorbia and Ranunculus. Larvae have been found on Rumex. At maturation they go into a diapause for some weeks, before puparial formation. The duration of the puparial phase is 8-9 days (Speight 2018).
","Degradation of habitat (temperate forest) due to the long history of land-use change is the most plausible threat, and is ongoing driven largely by urbanization and tourism. A loss in distributional area of up to 6%, mainly on the Balkan and Apennine Peninsulas, was predicted for this species by 2070 under BCC_CSM1.1 and CCSM4 climate models using species distribution modelling (Milić et al. 2019).
","There is no information about the population size and trend for this species. In the places where it occurs, there seem to be relatively well-established populations.",Unknown,This species is distributed throughout the whole of Europe except the Iberian Peninsula and eastern Europe (Speight 2018). It is endemic to Europe.,There is no known use of or trade in this species.,Terrestrial,"Most localities are within protected areas. Anthropogenic disturbance can disturb its habitats, so a continuous management of sites is recommended. Further investigations on its population size, threats and ecology are needed. Monitoring of its population and habitat trends is required.
",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Global & Europe 149163467,149163465,Katara connexa,Critically Endangered,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),2021,2020-02-25 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"This species is endemic to the EU 27, within which it is known only from a small area between the Katara Pass and Kampos Despoti, in the Pindos Mountains in Greece. Based on the small geographic range (AOO = 8 km2), its occurrence in only one location and a continuing loss of habitat quality due to unsustainable grazing as the main threat, this species is assessed as Critically Endangered. Grazing management and research on its ecology, population size and trend is needed, as well as the identification of the host plant.",Katara connexa prefers montane conifer forests of Pinus heldreichii/P. nigra pallasiana. The flight period is in May (Vujić et al. 2019). The developmental stages are undescribed and the scientific name of the host plant has not been determined.,"The main threat to this species is unsustainable grazing. A lot of sheep and cattle graze in the meadows of the Pindos Mountains during late spring and summer. Tourism can also negatively affect the population (WWF, 2020), and fire is a potential future threat.","There are only 23 records, the latest from 2016, with surveys every 2-4 years. The population trend is considered stable, but in very low numbers, and due to decline in the quality of its habitat, it is likely to decline in the future. It is a very localized species.",Stable,"This EU 27 endemic species is known only from a single area between the Katara Pass and Kampos Despoti, in the Pindos Mountains in central Greece (Vujić et al. 2019). It is considered to occur in one location based on the threat of grazing.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,Terrestrial,"This species has been found in Periochi Metsovou (Anilio - Katara) protected area, part of the Natura 2000 network. Another endemic species, Cheilosia katara, described by Claussen and Vujić (1993), was also found at the same locality. These two species have been recorded only in these relict Pinus heldereichii and P. nigra forests, demonstrating the importance of the Pindos Mountain Range in the preservation of relict European hoverflies (Vujić et al. 2020). Although this area is protected, grazing is intense and should be controlled, and the natural forest maintained. Additional research on its ecology, population size and trend is needed, as well as the identification of the host plant.",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,"Global, Europe & Mediterranean" 149163479,149163476,Heringia adpropinquans,Endangered,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),2021,2020-03-28 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
This species is assessed as Least Concern for Europe and the EU27 Member States on the basis that it is widespread and there are a large number of locations. However, there is a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat due to anthropogenic interference (deforestation, logging, agriculture, urbanization, tourism). Further research is needed, especially into its biology, ecology, population size and trend.
","This species occurs in both coniferous and deciduous forest, clearings and open areas in forest and unimproved grassland from the Fagus/Picea zone up to the Larix zone and beyond, into subalpine grassland, to above 2.000 m in the Alps. Adults usually fly within 2 m of the ground and settle on foliage of ferns and bushes etc. They are known to visit flowers of Caltha, Convolvulus, Galium, Potentilla erecta, Prunus spinosa, Ranunculus and Taraxacum. The flight period is from May till July and August at higher elevation/more northerly latitudes (Speight 2020). The larva has not been described but Kuznetsov (1992) reported oviposition on Alchemilla (Rosaceae). The morphology of the chorion of the egg is figured by Kuznetzov (1988).
","Possible threats exist from anthropogenic interference (deforestation, logging, agriculture, urbanization). In the Balkans it is projected to lose up to 68% of its range by 2080 under the B2a climate warming scenarios using the CSIRO climate model using species distribution modelling (Radenković et al. 2017).
","There is no information on the population size or trend of this species. In the places where it occurs, there seem to be relatively well-established subpopulations and the population is considered stable.
",Unknown,"This is a widely distributed species in the European region, with a range stretching from Fennoscandia south to the Pyrenees and northern Spain, and from Ireland eastwards through northern, central and southern Europe (northern Italy and the former Yugoslavia) into European parts of Russia and Turkey (Speight 2020).
Its global range extends eastwards through Siberia to Tuva (Speight 2020).
Some localities of this species are within protected areas categorized by the IUCN and the Natura 2000 network, and it occurs also in National parks in Croatia, Czech republic, Greece, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia. Anthropogenic disturbance can affect its habitats, so continuous management of sites is recommended. Further research into its population size, threats and ecology is needed. More monitoring of the population and habitat trend is required.
",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Europe 149163502,149163499,Cheilosia vernalis,Least Concern,,2021,2020-04-02 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
This species is assessed as Least Concern in both the EU and Europe due to its wide distribution. There is a continuing declining in the quality of its habitat due to anthropogenic interference (deforestation, logging, agriculture, urbanization, tourism). Further research is needed, especially on its biology, ecology, population size and trend.
This species occurs in dune systems, and humid oligotrophic and eutrophic unimproved pasture, Molinia grassland or acidic fen subject to seasonal flooding, grassy clearings in deciduous forest and upwards through montane grassland into alpine grassland. Adults are low-flying over ground vegetation; males hover at 1-3 m, in small clearings and sheltered spots. They visit flowers of white umbellifers, Caltha, Cirsium arvense, Leontodon, Leucanthemum, Menyanthes, Prunus spinosa, Ranunculus, Salix, Senecio and Taraxacum. The flight period is from April till October, with peaks in May/June and August (Speight 2020). The larva has not been described, but is known to be an internal feeder in the stems of Achillea, Matricaria and Sonchus oleraceus (Bankowska 1980).
","The most plausible threat is decline in quality of the habitat due to anthropogenic interference (deforestation, logging, agriculture, urbanization, tourism). In high montane areas on the Balkan peninsula, this species is projected to experience severe impacts under climate change scenarios. Species distribution modelling suggests that its range and abundance in the Balkans would be greatly reduced (range up to 78% and abundance up to 67% by 2080) and that it would mostly remain in the Dinaric mountains but be less numerous, while its abundance would increase in the Alps, the Balkan mountain range and the Rhodopes (Radenković et al. 2017).
","In Europe, there are numerous subpopulations of this species. There is no information about its population size and trend.
",Unknown,"This is a widely distributed species in the European region, with a range stretching from Fennoscandia south to Iberia, and from Ireland eastwards through central and southern Europe (Italy and the Balkans) to Turkey and European parts of Russia (Speight 2020).There are no known conservation actions for this species. Some localities are within protected areas categorized by the IUCN and the Natura 2000 network. Continuous management of sites is recommended. Further studies into its population size, threats and ecology is needed.
",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Europe 149163512,149163510,Cheilosia venosa,Endangered,B2ab(iii),2021,2020-04-23 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
This species is listed as Near Threatened (NT) in Europe and Vulnerable (VU) in EU 27 because the area of occupancy has been calculated as 64 km2 in Europe and 52 km2 in the EU27, and a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat as a result of changes in land-use, intensification of grassland management, grazing pressure, and deforestation throughout the whole distribution range. It is considered to occur in around 12 locations in Europe defined by a threat from grazing, and thus is close to but does not qualify for a threatened listing applying Criterion B2. It is considered to occur in approximately 10 locations in the EU 27, and so is listed as Vulnerable. Monitoring and further research is required to establish its habitat and ecological requirements and to improve knowledge about the existing threats.
","The preferred habitat of this species is open ground in humid Fagus forests upwards through the Picea and Larix zones into humid subalpine grassland to above 2,000 m. Adults fly from April to June, and in July at higher altitudes. The larva is undescribed (Speight 2020).
","The main threat to this species is habitat loss due to changes in land-use and deforestation in the Alps and in the whole of Europe (Bebi et al, 2017, Strandberg and Kjellström 2019), as well as intensification of grassland management and grazing pressure in Europe’s grasslands.","Based on all known reports, only a few specimens have been collected from the period between 1973 and 2008, despite a lot of general collecting in the Alps, so it is probably a rare species. The most recent record is from Switzerland in 2017. The population trend is unknown.",Unknown,"This species is a European high-mountain endemic distributed in the Alps (France, Italy, Austria, Switzerland, and Germany) and the Carpathians (Romania and Slovakia). There are doubts about the Romanian records and these need to be verified.Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 27 assessment: Endangered (EN)
This species is assessed as Endangered in Europe and the EU 27 because of its severely fragmented population and relatively small area of occupancy (36 km2). At the EU 27 level it is assessed as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)) due to the severely fragmented population, small area of occupancy (20 km²) and occurrence in only five locations. At both levels, there is a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat. Potential threats are degradation of its habitat quality, mostly due to logging, agricultural intensification and infrastructure development. Further research into its ecology, threats, distribution and population trend is needed.
","This species has been recorded from humid Fagus/Picea forest (Vujić and Claussen 2000), and humid, montane grassland at 1,100 m asl (Treiber and Doczkal 2016). Males visit flowers of Salix and Caltha (Vujić and Claussen 2000). The flight period is from April to July (Speight 2018). The developmental stages and host plant are unknown.
","The major threats to this species are habitat destruction due to logging (commercial forestry), agricultural intensification and infrastructure development.
","There is no information about the population size or trends of this species. Around 30 specimens have been collected so far, the most recent from 2012. It has an early flight period, which means there may be a lack of data due to the surveying season. The population is considered to be severely fragmented, because this species is restricted to mountainous regions and associated with forests and montane grasslands which are under immense pressure, reducing connectivity between subpopulations.
",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe. It is distributed in France, Germany, Slovakia, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro (Speight 2018), and Romania (Stanescu and Parvu 2005).
Speight (2018) also list Poland and the Czech Republic, but these records are historical and the continuing presence of C. pini in these countries is uncertain. In Europe, the extent of occurrence is estimated to be 381,286 km2 and the area of occupancy to be 36 km2. In EU 27, the extent of occurrence is estimated to be 210,450 km2 and area of occupancy to be 20 km2.
There are no conservation actions known for this species. Some point localities occur within the Natura 2000 network. Additional research and monitoring on its population, habitat size and trend, and its ecology is needed, as well as clarifying the impacts of threats. Efforts to confirm its presence in Poland and the Czech Republic should be made. More sustainable forest practices are recommended.
",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Global & Europe 149163776,149163774,Cheilosia rodgersi,Endangered,B2ab(iii),2021,2020-03-26 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
This species is assessed as Endangered in Europe and the EU 27 because it has very small area of occupancy and is found in just two locations. Potential threats include degradation of habitat quality, mostly due to fires and to some extent overgrazing. Further research into its ecology, threats and population trend is needed.
",This species prefers Mediterranean forest and garrigue (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). Data on its ecology is lacking. The flight period is in April. The developmental stages are unknown.
,"The habitat of this species is potentially threatened by fires, which are getting more frequent and intense throughout the Mediterranean as a result of climate change. Overgrazing could also contribute to habitat degradation. Near the coast, there is increased infrastructure development.
","There is no information about the population trend of this species. Only a few specimens have been collected so far. The specimen from Portugal is from 1972, the Spanish record is even older. During the most recent surveys in Spain conducted in the last 3-4 years, specimens of many other species were collected, but not of this one. It is possible it may not be present in Spain any more. However, it is most often found after rainfall, and there is a possibility that the weather conditions were not favourable during these surveys. Therefore, more research is required before it can be determined that the species is no longer present in Spain.
",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is known from a single record in central Portugal and a single record in southern Spain. In Europe and the EU 27, extent of occurrence (EOO) cannot be calculated as it only exists in two localities; the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be 8 km2.There are no ongoing conservation actions known for this species. Both point localities occur within the Natura 2000 network. Research on its habitat, ecology, population size and trend is much needed, as well as monitoring of the habitat trend. Grazing management and more sustainable development activities are required.
",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Europe 149163786,149163784,Cheilosia rhynchops,Least Concern,,2021,2020-03-26 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
This species is assessed as Least Concern because it is widespread in both Europe and the EU 27. The continuing decline in the quality of its habitat due to tourism, overgrazing and urbanization is considered to be the main threat. It is distributed on the high mountains in central Europe and the Balkan Peninsula. However, lots of further research is needed, especially on its biology, ecology, population size and trend.
","This species prefers Fagus/Picea and Fagus/Abies forest, from the upper elevational limit of the Fagus into the Abies/Picea zone and upwards into the Larix/P. mugo/P. uncinata zone to 2,000 m. Adults inhabit clearings, tracksides, beside streams etc., flying quickly through vegetation up to 2 m, and settling on the foliage of bushes, Petasites etc. Males hover at up to 5 m in open areas within forest. Adults visit flowers of Caltha, Euphorbia, Ranunculus and Sorbus aucuparia. The flight period is from the end of May to July. The developmental stages have been scored by Stuke (2000), and the female has been observed ovipositing on Adenostyles alliariae (Doczkal 1996), strongly suggesting that this is a larval host plant (Speight 2020).
","Expansion of tourist infrastructure (ski resorts) is the most plausible threat. Overgrazing and residential urbanization also negatively affect the population. In the Balkans a loss of up to 69% in its distribution by 2080 has been predicted under the B2a climate warming scenarios of the CSIRO climate model using species distribution modelling (Radenković et al. 2017).
","There is no information about population size and trends for this species. It inhabits high mountains in several countries in Europe.
",Unknown,"This endemic European species is distributed from Poland south to the Alps, and from northeastern France (Vosges) eastwards through central Europe to Austria and northern Italy, the former Yugoslavia, Romania and Bulgaria (Speight 2020). On the Balkan peninsula C. rhynchops is known from high elevations in the Alps, Dinaric mountains, Stara Planina and Rilo-Rhodopes (Vujić 1996).
Some point localities of this species are within protected areas categorized by the IUCN and the Natura 2000 network. Continuous management of sites is recommended. Further studies of its population size, threats and ecology are needed. More monitoring on the population and habitat trends are required.
",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Global & Europe 149163813,149163811,Cheilosia rhodiolae,Data Deficient,,2021,2021-06-20 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"Global and European regional assessment: Data Deficient (DD)European regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
EU 27 regional assessment: Vulnerable (VU)
Cheilosia reniformis is assessed as Vulnerable (VU B2ab(iii)) for both Europe and for the EU27 Member States because of its relatively small area of occupancy and number of locations, just within the threshold for this category. The main potential threat is degradation of habitat quality, mostly due to clearing of areas for arable land and infrastructure development. Further research into its ecology, threats and population trend is needed.
It is suspected that this species is much more widespread in Europe, but without further research and verification of existing records, it is not possible to draw a final conclusion. More genetic data are needed, because it is difficult to distinguish related species solely on the basis of morphology. Therefore, the species is assessed as Vulnerable, but it could be more widespread. It is also severely fragmented, but the extent of this is not fully known. More research is needed.
","This species prefers humid, unimproved grassland along streams and grassy open areas in forests. Males hover at 2-3 m above ground (G. Ståhls pers. comm. 2020). Adults visit Caltha (G. Ståhls pers. comm. 2020), Trollius riederanus (Gritskevich 1998), Tussilago and Salix caprea (Bartsch et al. 2009). The flight period is from April to June. The developmental stages are unknown (Speight 2018).
","This species is potentially threatened by habitat destruction mostly due to clearing of areas for arable land and construction (infrastructure development), but any impacts of these or other threats are mostly unknown.","There is no information about the population size or trend of this species. Approximately 40 specimens have been collected so far, the majority of them recent (from 2009 to 2017) because the species has only recently been recognized as valid. In Finland there are good numbers and stable subpopulations, but numbers in other countries are unknown.
",Unknown,"This species is distributed in Norway (Nielsen and Ødegaard 2013), Finland and Ukraine (Speight 2018). Mutin and Barkalov (1999) characterized its range in the non-European Palaearctic as Siberia, south of the Khabarovsk Region, the Amur Region, the Sakha Republic (Yakutia), and the Irkutsk Region (Prokhorov et al. 2018). It is likely to be more widespread (for instance occurring in Sweden), so the true distribution is unknown and the area of occupancy based on existing records highly inaccurate.
",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,Terrestrial,There are no conservation actions known for this species. Only one point locality occurs within the Natura 2000 network. Additional research on its population trend and ecology is needed. Monitoring of the habitat trend is required.,Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Europe 149163833,149163831,Cheilosia redi,Least Concern,,2021,2020-03-27 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 assessment: Least Concern (LC)
Cheilosia redi is assessed as Least Concern because of its large extent of occurrence and number of locations. Potential threats to this species are degradation of habitat quality, mostly due to logging and wood harvesting, agricultural intensification and infrastructure development. Further research into its ecology, threats and population trend is needed.
","Cheilosia redi can be found near streams in Balkanic thermophilous Quercus forest, Quercus/Carpinus forest and mesophilous Fagus forest (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). Males hover at 2-3 m (Vujić 1996). Adults visit flowers of Caltha, Salix and Stellaria (Vujić 1996). The flight period is from March to May, and July at the northern edge of its range (Vujić 1996). The developmental stages are unknown (Speight 2018).","The habitat of this species is threatened by logging operations, agricultural intensification, overgrazing and infrastructure development (tourism and road networks).","There is no information on the population trends of this species. Around 200 specimens have been collected so far from its entire range, the oldest in 1911 (from Bosnia and Herzegovina) and the most recent from 2017 (Montenegro and Serbia). Within its range there are three countries with only a single recorded specimen: the Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovakia. The majority of specimens have been collected in Serbia (135).",Unknown,"This species is distributed in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania (Speight 2018) and Montenegro (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). It is endemic to Europe.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,Terrestrial,"There are no ongoing conservation actions known for this species. Three point localities occur within the Natura 2000 network. Some of the point localities are within Protected Areas in Serbia (Fruška gora National Park, Đerdap National Park) and Montenegro (Durmitor National Park). Additional research on its ecology, and population size and trend is needed. Monitoring of the habitat trend is required.",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Global & Europe 149163843,149163841,Cheilosia ranunculi,Least Concern,,2021,2020-03-30 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
This species is widespread in both Europe and the EU 27, and is listed as Least Concern. There is a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat due to urbanization, tourism and agriculture. Lots of further research is needed, especially into its biology, ecology, population size and trend.
","This species prefers open ground; unimproved dry grassland and open grassy areas within forest, from thermophilous Quercus forest up to 1,500 m in the Abies zone in the Jura and Alps. Adults fly at up to 1 m through grassland vegetation, settling on flowers or on leaves of low-growing plants and visiting flowers of Caltha, Ranunculus and Senecio (Speight, 2020). Adults are active from the end of April to the beginning of June. The larva of C.ranunculi is undescribed, but is probably associated with Ranunculus bulbosus since oviposition has been seen (Doczkal 2000, 2002), though Gibbs and Plant (2001) report the occurrence of C. ranunculi from localities where R. bulbosus did not seem to be present.
","The most plausible threat is destruction of habitat due to conversion of forest and grassland areas into agricultural land, urbanization, tourism and supporting infrastructure. In the Balkans, a loss of up to 37% by 2080 of its distribution has been predicted under the A2a climate warming scenarios of the CSIRO climate model using species distribution modelling (Radenković et al. 2017).","There are numerous subpopulations of this species. There is no information about its population size and trend.
",Unknown,"This species is distributed in Denmark, Britain (southern England), France (Paris basin southwards), Germany, Switzerland, Hungary, Italy (including Sicily), Spain, parts of the former Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Romania (Speight 2020). It is endemic to Europe.
",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,Terrestrial,"Some point localities of this species are within protected areas categorized by the IUCN and the Natura 2000 network: in Italy the Apuan Alps regional park, in Slovenia in Triglav National Park, in Croatia in Gorski kotar National Park, in Montenegro in Durmitor National Park, and in five national parks in Serbia as well as special reserves and natural parks. One subpopulation is situated in Boka-Kotorska Bay World Heritage Site; in Serbia in all five National parks (Fruška gora, Tara, Šar planina, Đerdap and Kopaonik), in Natural park Vršačke planine, special reserve of nature Deliblatska peščara and Obedska bara etc. Anthropogenic disturbances affect its habitats, so continuous management of sites is recommended. Further investigations of its population size, threats and ecology are needed. More monitoring of the population and habitat trend are required.
",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Global & Europe 149163854,149163851,Cheilosia pubera,Least Concern,,2021,2020-03-29 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"European regional assessment: Least-concern (LC)
EU 27 regional assessment: Least-concern (LC)
This species is widespread in both Europe and the EU 27, and is listed as Least Concern. There is a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat due to tourism, overgrazing and other anthropogenic interference (deforestation, logging, agriculture, urbanization). Lots of further research is needed, especially into its biology, ecology, population size and trend.
","This species prefers unimproved montane pasture and fen carr and beside streams in Fagus/Picea forest. Adults fly low over ground vegetation in grassland and in open areas along streams within forest, settling on the foliage of large-leaved plants and visiting flowers such as Acer platanoides, Caltha, Cardamine, Prunus padus, Pulsatilla alpina, Ranunculus and Taraxacum. Adults are active from the end April to June at lower elevations, and June/July at higher elevations and more northerly latitudes. Exceptionally, there appears to be a second generation in Ireland, with a flight period in July and August. The larva is described by Stuke and Carstensen (2002), found in the leaf-bases and root-stock of Geum rivale between June and September, and overwintering as a puparium. C. pubera can be found in at least two rather different types of situation. This may be due to the larvae having plant hosts with rather distinctly different ecological requirements (Speight 2020).
","This species may be exposed to threats due to anthropogenic disturbance (deforestation, logging, agriculture, and urbanization). Overgrazing may also negatively affect its population. In the Balkans, a reduction of its distributional area by up to 50% has been projected by 2080 under the B2a climate warming scenarios of the CSIRO climate model using species distribution modelling (Radenković et al. 2017).
",The population trend is unknown. Based on all known data there are numerous subpopulations across Europe.,Unknown,"This species is distributed in Fennoscandia, the Ardennes, northern Spain (Cordillera Cantabrica) and the Alps; from Ireland eastwards through northern and central Europe (plus mountainous parts of northern Italy and the former Yugoslavia) into European parts of Russia (Speight 2020). It is endemic to Europe.
",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,Terrestrial,"There are no known conservation actions for this species so far. Some point localities are within protected areas categorized by the IUCN and the Natura 2000 network. Continuous management of sites is recommended. Further research into its population size, threats and ecology is needed. More monitoring of population and habitat trends is required.
",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Global & Europe 149163864,149163862,Cheilosia psilophthalma,Least Concern,,2021,2020-04-01 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
Cheilosia psilophthalma is assessed as Least Concern because of its large range. It is considered that the entire European subpopulation is still stable, and although not yet confirmed outside Europe it may be more widespread than presently understood. Potential threats are degradation of habitat quality in part of its range due to poor management practices of European forests, and infrastructure development. Further research into its ecology, threats and population trend is needed.
","This species prefers open ground within forest: open, grassy areas within sparse woodland and unimproved, montane/subalpine grassland from above 1,500 m, down to grassy, open areas within karstic Quercus pubescens forest. Adults settle on low-growing vegetation, e.g. clumps of dead Molinia and visit flowers of shrubs. They visit flowers of Acer platanoides, Anemone nemorosa, Euphorbia, Primula veris, Prunus padus, P. spinosa, and Salix spp. including S. repens. The flight period is from April to May and on to July at higher altitudes. The larval morphology is undescribed, but according to Grosskopf et al. (2001) it develops in the aerial parts of Hieracium pilosella and H. caespitosum, overwintering as a puparium among ground-surface litter (Speight 2018).","Threats to the habitat of this species include unsustainable forest management and logging operations, and infrastructure development.","There is no information about the population size or trends of this species, but the population is considered stable throughout most of the range. The closely-related C. urbana often occurs in great numbers, but only single individuals of C. psilophthalma are usually found.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe. Its full range is uncertain, due to confusion until recently with C. latigenis and C. urbana, but it is confirmed from southern Norway, Sweden, southern Finland, Ireland, Britain, France (Vosges, Alps, Cevennes), Poland, Switzerland, Greece, Montenegro, Serbia and European Russia (Speight 2018).",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,Terrestrial,"There are no ongoing conservation actions known for this species. Additional research in order to determine the borders of its range is needed, and so is research on its ecology, population size and trend. Monitoring of the habitat trend is required.",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Global & Europe 149163874,149163872,Cheilosia personata,Least Concern,,2021,2020-04-05 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
This species has a large range and a large number of locations was estimated. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27 and so it is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 27. There is a continuing decline in the quality of the habitat due to anthropogenic interference (deforestation, logging, agriculture, urbanization, and tourism), but the current population trend is considered to be stable. Further research on this species is needed, especially on its biology, ecology, population size and trend.
","This species prefers forest/open ground; open areas in humid Fagus forest and upwards through the Picea zone into the Larix/Pinus mugo or P. sylvestris/P. uncinata zone; plus unimproved, calcareous and non-calcareous montane grassland. Adults inhabit clearings and tracksides within forest and more open grassland. They fly fast and low and settle on low growing vegetation and visit flowers of white umbellifers and Adenostyles, Knautia, Saxifraga and Scabiosa. The flight period is in June and July, and in August at higher elevations. The developmental stages are undescribed, and the host plant is unknown (Speight 2020).
","Possible threats are general impacts due to anthropogenic interference (deforestation, logging, agriculture, urbanization). Both over- and undergrazing negatively affect the population. In the Balkans, species distribution modelling has predicted a 79% decline in its distribution by 2080 (Radenković et al. 2017), which could lead to the loss of the subpopulation from the Balkan peninsula, but the species would survive in the Alps in this scenario and so is not considered a range-wide threat.
","There is no information on the population size or trend, but it is considered stable. The oldest record dates from 1912 from Bosnia and Herzegovina, although there are recent records also (from 2020 in Slovenia). Where present it is found in good numbers.
",Stable,"This European endemic is distributed in northern Spain, the Pyrenees, the Alps and northern parts of the former Yugoslavia (Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia) (Speight 2020). Its occurrence in the Apennines is based on an old record (1938) from Abruzzo National Park. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27.
",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,Terrestrial,"Some point localities of this species are within protected areas categorized by the IUCN and Natura 2000 networks. These include Gorski kotar and Plitvice Lakes National Parks as well as Velebit Nature Park in Croatia, Durmitor National Park in Montenegro, and in Serbia the Tara and Kopaonik National Parks, as well as Stara planina Nature Park. Further research into its population size, threats and ecology is needed. More monitoring of population and habitat trends is required. Management of grazing and sustainable agriculture practices is recommended.
",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Global & Europe 149163884,149163882,Cheilosia pedemontana,Endangered,B2ab(iii),2021,2020-04-02 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 27 assessment: Endangered (EN)
This species is assessed as Endangered because it has relatively small area of occupancy (92 km2 in Europe and 84 km2 in EU 27), and the population is considered severely fragmented. The potential current and projected threats are degradation of habitat quality, mostly due infrastructure development and unsustainable livestock grazing, causing a decline in the quality and extent of habitat. Further research into its ecology, threats and population trend is needed.
","This species prefers open areas within montane zone Abies/Picea forest and upwards into unimproved, calcareous and non-calcareous subalpine grassland to 2,000 m, in the Alps. Males hover at 2-4 m in open areas within forest and rest on foliage of shrubs such as Alnus viridis. Both sexes rest on rocks or patches of bare ground in the sun to bask. They visit flowers of umbellifers, Caltha and Ranunculus. The flight period is from June to September. The developmental stages are undescribed (Speight 2018) but Doczkal (1996) suggested that one host-plant was probably Peucedanum ostruthium (Apiaceae).
","This species is threatened by habitat degradation due to infrastructure development (tourism, road networks, and urbanization) and unsustainable grazing.","There is no information about population size or trends in Europe and the EU 27. Around 300 specimens have been collected so far throughout the entire range, including some recent records in France (2018) and Switzerland (2019). This is a small species but easy to see and it occurs in fairly large subpopulations, but not in many places. This is thought likely to reflect reliance on a specialized but presently unknown larval host plant. The population is considered severely fragmented because it is found at high altitudes in isolated subpopulations.
There are no ongoing conservation actions known for this species. Some of the point localities occur within Natura 2000 sites and other protected areas. Its conservation needs should be taken into account when creating and implementing management plans for those protected areas. Research on its population size and trends, life history and ecology, as well as possible threats is needed. Monitoring of habitat trends is required. Management of grazing is recommended as the main conservation action.
",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Global & Europe 149163894,149163892,Cheilosia pascuorum,Least Concern,,2021,2020-04-02 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 assessment: Least Concern (LC)
This species is assessed as Least Concern because of its large area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27. Although threatened in some parts of the range (A. Vujić, pers. comm. 2020), it is considered that the entire European population is still stable. Potential threats are degradation of habitat quality in part of its range due to poor management practices of European forests, infrastructure development and agricultural intensification. Further research into its ecology, threats and population trend is needed.
","This species prefers humid deciduous forests of Quercus and Fagus (Vujic 1996), upwards into unimproved, non-calcareous subalpine grassland to above 2000 m (Goeldlin and Speight 1997), and tall-herb open areas in Quercus frainetto/Q. pubescens forest and Quercus cerris/Q. pubescens forest. Males hover at 2-5 m and settle on the ground, or on flowers (Vujic 1996). Adults visit flowers of Alyssum, Ficaria (Vujić 1996) and Euphorbia. The flight period is from April to beginning of June and July at higher altitudes (Vujić 1996). The developmental stages are not described, but the larva is known to be an internal feeder in Cynoglossum officinale (Vujić 1996).","This species is threatened by habitat degradation at least in some parts of its range, as a result of infrastructure development, unsustainable forest management and agricultural intensification.",There is no information about population size or trends in Europe or the EU 27. In some parts of its range it is considered threatened.,Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe. It is distributed in France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Romania, parts of European Russia and the Balkans (Speight 2018). It has a relatively large range, and the area of occupancy (AOO) and extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU27 are estimated to be well above the threshold for any threatened category.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,Terrestrial,"There are no ongoing conservation actions known for this species. In some parts of the range it is considered threatened, so additional research on threats would be beneficial. Research on its population size and trends, and life history and ecology is needed. Monitoring of habitat trends is required.",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Global & Europe 149163904,149163902,Cheilosia paralobi,Endangered,B2ab(iii),2021,2020-03-25 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
This species is assessed as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)) for Europe and the EU27 Member States because of its relatively small areas of occupancy (84 km2), continuing decline in quality of habitat and its occurrence as severely fragmented subpopulations. A continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat is inferred from the existing threats of degradation of habitat quality, mostly due to logging and wood harvesting. Further research into its ecology, threats and population trends is needed.
","This species prefers broad-leaved evergreen forest. It can be found by streams in Quercus ilex forest and, at higher altitudes, in mixed Q.ilex/Q.pyrenaica/Castanea forest (M. Marcos-Garcia, pers. comm. 2020), in open Castanea forest (C. Kehlmaier, pers. comm. 2020) and montane grassland with Castanea (Ricarte et al. 2014). Males hover over ground vegetation in open areas within forest (C. Kehlmaier, pers. comm. 2020). Adults visit umbellifers; Hedera, Leucanthemopsis, Mentha, Oenanthe, Ranunculus, Stellaria, Thapsia (Marcos-Garcia 1986, as C. latifacies - M. Marcos-Garcia, pers. comm. 2020) and Salix (Van Eck 2011).The flight period is April to November in Spain (Marcos-Garcia (1986, 1987, 1990), but in North Africa virtually throughout the year, with peaks in March/April and September/ October (Kassebeer 1998). The developmental stages are unknown (Speight 2018).","Habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation are the most significant threats to this species, mostly due to logging and wood harvesting. Infrastructure development and agricultural intensification are to a certain extent impacting its habitat as well. Too much grazing will also have a negative impact.","There is no information about population trends. Around 100 specimens have been collected so far, the majority of which are recent. The population is considered to be severely fragmented, particularly in Spain.",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is known from small numbers of mostly scattered records in Portugal and Spain. In Europe and the EU 27, its extent of occurrence is estimated to be 285,733 km2, and area of occupancy 84 km2.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
This species is assessed as Least Concern because of its large range across Europe and the EU 27. It is considered unthreatened across Europe (Speight et al. 2020). Potential threats exist from degradation of habitat quality in part of its range due to human activities such as unsustainable forestry and agriculture. Further research into its threats and population trend is needed.
,"This species favours open areas in coniferous and deciduous forest and humid, unimproved grassland; somewhat synanthropic, occurring also along hedgerows in farmland and along roadsides. Adults prefer clearings and tracksides in woodland, scrub and carr; fen meadows, and along hedgerows and beside streams. Adults fly up to 2 m, with hovering males up to 4 or 5 m; they settle on foliage of bushes and low-growing plants. They visit flowers of yellow composites, Ranunculaceae, white umbellifers, Allium ursinum, Anemone nemorosa, Fragaria, Potentilla erecta, Primula, Prunus spinosa and Salix. The flight period is May to June and July to September. In southern Europe, adults are on the wing from mid March. The larva has been reared from rotting roots of Anthriscus sylvestris (Stubbs 1980) and Angelica sylvestris (Doczkal 1996), and was described by Rotheray (1990). Adults have repeatedly been collected by emergence traps installed over clumps of Heracleum and also of Angelica, suggesting that both of these large umbellifers can support larval development. The morphology of the chorion of the egg is figured by Kuznetzov (1988) (Speight 2020).","This species may be affected by the loss of habitat quality in some parts of its range due to unsustainable forestry and agriculture, but these threats do not influence the population across Europe as a whole, which remains stable.
","There is no known information about population sizes, but presumably the population is stable in Europe and EU 27. No decreasing trends for this species are reported by Speight et al. (2020).
",Stable,"This species is widespread from Fennoscandia south to Iberia, and from Ireland eastwards through central and southern Europe into Turkey and Russia and on to Eastern Siberia (Speight 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,Terrestrial,"There are no known conservation activities for this species. It is considered unthreatened across Europe (Speight et al. 2020). Future monitoring is needed, as well as research on its ecology and potential threats.
",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Europe 149163925,149163923,Cheilosia orthotricha,Least Concern,,2021,2020-03-24 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
This species is assessed as Least Concern on the basis that it has an extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) both above the thresholds for any threatened category, and it occurs in a large number of locations defined by existing threats in both Europe and the EU 27. There is, nonetheless, a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat due to varied forms of anthropogenic disturbance. Further research on this species is needed, especially in its biology, ecology, population size and trend.
","This species prefers forest, along stream margins and trackside with tall-herb communities in humid deciduous forest of Fagus and Quercus. Adults inhabit open areas along streams and settle on the ground or on the foliage of large-leaved herb-layer plants, e.g. Petasites. Males hover at 1-3 m (Vujic 1996) and visit flowers of Petasites, Salix and Taraxacum. Adults are active from February to May, and at higher elevations until June and July. The developmental stages are undescribed, but the larva morphology have been scored (Stuke 2000). Stuke and Claussen (2000) record finding the larvae in Petasites hybridus, where they occur in the lower half of the flowering stalks. It is uncertain whether the species overwinters as a larva or puparium (Speight 2020).","Possible threats exist due to anthropogenic disturbance (deforestation, logging, urbanization). In the Balkans, species distribution modelling predicts a loss of 90% of its range by 2080 under climate change under the A2a climate warming scenarios of the CSIRO climate model (Radenković et al. 2017).This European endemic is distributed from Belgium and France eastwards through central Europe (Germany, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary) to Serbia, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina (Vujić 1996, Speight 2020).
Some point localities of this species are within protected areas categorized by the IUCN and the Natura 2000 network. Anthropogenic disturbance can disturb its habitats, and so continuous management of sites is recommended. Further investigation of its population size, threats and ecology is needed. More monitoring on population size and trends are required.
",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Global & Europe 149163936,149163933,Cheilosia nigripes,Least Concern,,2021,2020-03-24 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
This species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) in Europe and EU 27 because of its large extent of occurrence and number of locations. Habitat loss (both in quality and quantity) is expected due to changes in land-use and deforestation throughout Europe. Monitoring and further research is required to establish its habitat and ecological requirements and to understand better the existing threats.
,"This is a very numerous species in southern Europe, predominantly in deciduous forests (Vujić 1992, 1996). Its preferred habitat is open grassy area in Fagus forest, usually on well-drained soils, and upwards through (well-drained) Abies/Picea forest to the lowest levels of subalpine grassland, both calcareous and non-calcareous (Speight 2020). In the Balkans, it is most abundant in Quercus and Fagus forests (Vujić 1996). Adults fly low, settling on the foliage of low-growing plants and bushes, and visit flowers such as Caltha palustris, Myosotis, Prunus padus, Ranunculus, Rubus idaeus, Stellaria holostea, Taraxacum or white umbellifers (Vujić 1992, Speight 2020). The flight period is from May to June and into July and beginning of August at higher altitudes. The larva is undescribed (Speight 2020).
","The main threat to this species is habitat loss due to changes in land-use and deforestation throughout the whole of Europe (Bebi et al. 2017, Strandberg and Kjellström 2019), as well as intensification of grassland management and grazing pressure in Europe’s grasslands.",Based on all known reports there are numerous subpopulations across the whole of Europe. It has been collected from 1886 (Croatia) to the present day. The population trend is unknown for Europe and EU27.,Unknown,"This species has a Euro-Siberian distribution (Vujić 1996), and is widely distributed through all of Europe into Turkey and the European part of Russia, through Siberia to the Russian Far East (Speight, 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,Terrestrial,"Cheilosia nigripes is on the Red List of the hoverflies of Baden-Württembergs, Denmark (LC), Germany (moderately common), Flanders (regionally CR) and Sachsen-Anhalt (very rare). Its distributional range is partly within the boundaries of the Natura 2000 network and in the North York Moors National Park (UK), South Downs National Park (UK), Ormø-Færder National Park (Norway), Podyji National Park (Czech Republik), Foreste Casentinesi National Park (Italy), Triglav National Park (Slovenia), Fruška Gora National Park (Serbia), Kopaonik National Park (Serbia), Stara planina Natural Park (Serbia), Durmitor National Park (Montenegro), Dassia National Park (Greece), Pindos National Park (Greece) and Olympus National Park (Greece). Since it has been recorded mainly in deciduous and evergreen forests of most of Europe and Russia right to the Pacific coast, conservation actions should be focused on preserving its habitat due to high percentage of deforestation of European forests. Monitoring and further research is required to establish its habitat and ecological requirements, and to understand better the existing threats.
",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Europe 149163946,149163944,Cheilosia nebulosa,Least Concern,,2021,2020-04-02 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
This species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) in Europe and EU 27 because of its large distribution and number of locations. Habitat loss (in both quality and quantity) is expected due to changes in land-use and deforestation throughout Europe. Monitoring and further research is required to establish its habitat and ecological requirements and to understand better the existing threats.
,"The preferred habitats of this species are wetland in Alnus/Salix forest and drained scrub in woodland with Prunus spinosa. Adults appears in clearings and tracksides, where males hover up to 7 m beside Salix or Crataegus in flower, descending to settle on low-growing plants whenever the sun disappears behind a cloud. Females fly low over ground vegetation, settling to rest in the sun on dead grasses (e.g. Molinia tussocks). Both sexes visit flowers of trees as Crataegus, Prunus, male Salix, Taraxacum, Tussilago (Speight 2020) and Ficaria verna (Vujić 1996). The flight period is from the end of April to the beginning of June, or at higher elevations to early July. The larva is undescribed, but Doczkal (2002) reports egg-laying by this species on leaves of Centaurea nigra (Speight 2020).","The main threat to this species is habitat loss due to change in land-use and deforestation throughout Europe (Bebi et al. 2017, Strandberg and Kjellström 2019).","Based on all known records, this species has been collected between 1886 (in Croatia) to the present day. According to Vujić (1992), its subpopulations are small and it is very rare. The population trend is unknown for Europe and the EU 27.",Unknown,This European endemic is distributed in most European countries (Vujić 1992) from Ireland in the west to the European part of Russia in the east (Speight 2020). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) in both Europe and the EU27 are significantly greater then the thresholds for any threatened category.,This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,Terrestrial,"This species is on the Red List of hoverflies of Baden-Württemberg (EN), Red List of hoverflies of Bayern (EN), Red List of hoverflies of Germany (rare), Flanders Red List (regionally NT), Red List of plants and animals of Sachsen-Anhalt (very rare) and listed as Vulnerable in the database of Irish Syrphidae. The distributional range is partly within the boundaries of the Natura 2000 network, and in the Podyji National Park (Czech Republik), Durmitor National Park (Montenegro), Triglav National Park (Slovenia), Stara Planina Natural Park (Serbia) and Kopaonik National Park (Serbia). Since it is reported mainly from deciduous forests, conservation actions should be focused on preserving its habitat due to the high percentage of deforestation of European forests. Monitoring and further research are required to establish its habitat and ecological requirements and to understand better the existing threats.
",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Global & Europe 149163956,149163954,Cheilosia naruska,Near Threatened,B2ab(iii),2021,2020-04-08 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"Global and European regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
EU 27 regional assessment: Near Threatened (NT)
This species is assessed as Near Threatened (NT) in Europe and EU 27 based on its known area of occupancy (160 km2 for Europe and 148 km2 for the EU 27), and its 13 locations in northern Scandinavia and the immediately adjacent European part of Russia, and a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat as a result of pressure on boreal forests from commercial forestry. Monitoring and further research is required to establish its habitat and ecological requirements and to understand better its existing threats.
","This species is known from open ground in humid meadows (Haarto et al. 2007) and the edge of humid meadow bordering Betula/Salix/Populus forests (Nielsen 2008). Adults are active from mid-June to the beginning of July, and visit Anthriscus sylvestris. Males sit on leaves in the sun and close to the ground. The larva is undescribed but this developmental stage is possibly associated with Anthriscus sylvestris, with which the adult flies are apparently always found (Haarto et al. 2007).
","The main threat to this species is habitat loss due to change in land-use. In the Boreal region the area covered by natural habitats is much reduced and under increasing pressure. In terms of impact, commercial forestry (based mainly on spruce, pine, birch and oak) has had the greatest influence (Sundseth 2009). Additionally, some of the wet meadows in northern Europe and Russia have experiences a declining in the grazing needed to maintain this habitat and some have experienced complete abandonment of grazing leading to habitat loss for large number of wild animals (https://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/life/publications/lifepublications/lifefocus/documents/wetlands.pdf).",Most known data are from the period 2003-2015. The population trend is unknown for Europe and the EU 27.,Unknown,"This is endemic to northern Europe, distributed in northern Scandinavia and in European parts of Russia. Its area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe, based on known records, is 160 km2, while the extent of occurrence (EOO) is 157,983 km2. In the EU 27, the AOO is 148 km2 and the EOO is 122,477 km2.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
This species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) in Europe and the EU 27 because of its large distribution and number of locations. Habitat loss (in both quality and quantity) is expected due to change in land-use and deforestation throughout Europe. Monitoring and further research is required to establish its habitat and ecological requirements and to understand better the existing threats.
,"The preferred habitat of this species is open ground in both coniferous and deciduous forests, open woodland and scrub on well-drained sites often susceptible to short-duration winter flooding, and also in garrigue and heathland (Speight 2020) and Mediterranean maquis, shrubs and montane pastures (Vujić 1996). In Sweden, Denmark and along the northern seaboard of Germany, C. mutabilis is primarily a coastal species, occurring in coastal heathland and dune grassland, but it may also occur in inland, grassland situations that are not obviously well drained (H. Bartsch pers. comm. 2020) (Speight 2020). Adults inhabit clearings and tracksides, flying up to 2 m from the ground, and settle on foliage of bushes or flowers including white umbellifers, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Cistus, Hieracium, Jasione montana, Potentilla fruticosa, Sedum acre (Speight 2020), Ranunculus, Cotinus and Apiaceae (Vujić 1996). The flight period is from May to mid August, with a peak in July. The larva is undescribed, but reported by Grosskopf et al. (2001) as developing in the above-ground parts of Hieracium pilosella. According to Ball et al. (2011), the larva of C. mutabilis has been found in the roots of Carduus crispus.
","The main threat to this species is habitat loss due to change in land use and deforestation throughout Europe (Bebi et al. 2017, Strandberg and Kjellström 2019), as well as intensification of grassland management and grazing pressure in Europe’s grasslands.","Based on all known reports of this species, it is frequent and numerous across its European range. The population trend is unknown for both Europe and the EU 27.",Unknown,"This species is Euro-Siberian (Vujić 1992), distributed in most of Europe and in western Siberia, as well as in North Africa and Turkey (Speight 2020). Its extent of occurrence and area of occupancy in both Europe and the EU27 are significantly greater then the thresholds for threatened categories.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,Terrestrial,"This species is on the Red List of hoverflies of Baden-Württembergs, the Red List of hoverflies of Denmark (LC), the Red List of hoverflies of Bayern (warning list), the Red List of hoverflies of Germany (moderately common), Flanders Red Lists (regionally EN), the Red List of hoverflies of Berlin (very rare), the Red List of plants and animals of Sachsen-Anhalt (moderately common) and the Red List of hoverflies of Saxony (potentially EN). Its distribution range is partly within the boundaries of the Natura 2000 network and the Podyji National Park (Czech Republic), Foreste Casentinesi National Park (Italy), Triglav National Park (Slovenia), Učka Nature Park (Croatia), Durmitor National Park (Montenegro), Fruška Gora National Park (Serbia), Djerdap National Park (Serbia), Kopaonik National Park (Serbia), Stara Planina Natural Park (Serbia), Pirin National Park (Bulgaria), Mavrovo National Park (North Macedonia), Galičica National Park (North Macedonia) and Olympus National Park (Greece). Since it has been recorded mainly from both deciduous and evergreen forests in most of Europe and western Siberia, conservation actions should be focused on preserving its habitat due to the high rate of deforestation of European forests. Monitoring and further research is required to establish its habitat and ecological requirements, and to understand better the existing threats.",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Europe 149163977,149163975,Cheilosia montana,Endangered,B2ab(iii),2021,2020-03-18 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
This species is assessed as Endangered (EN) in Europe and EU 27 based on the small area of occupancy (AOO) and severely fragmented population in both regions. Furthermore, habitat loss (quality and quantity) is expected due to intensification of grassland management and grazing pressure in Europe’s grasslands. Monitoring and further research is required to establish its habitat and ecological requirements and to understand the existing threats better.
","This species has been recorded from unimproved, calcareous and non-calcareous subalpine grasslands. Adults rest on rocks and stones in the sun, and are active from the beginning of July to the end of August. The larva has not been described (Speight 2020).
",The main threat to this species is habitat loss from the intensification of grassland management and grazing pressure in Europe’s grasslands.,"Based on all known records, about 30 specimens have been collected. The population trend is unknown for Europe and the EU 27. The population is considered severely fragmented in Europe and the EU 27 because of the fragmentation of suitable habitat.",Unknown,"This European endemic is distributed in the mountainous regions of Europe; from northern Spain in the west, through the high central European mountains (Alps) to Romania and Bulgaria in the east (Carpathian and Rodopi mountains). The area of occupancy (AOO) in Europe based on known records is 112 km2, while in EU 27 it is 96 km2. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is large in both Europe and the EU 27.",This species is not traded or exploited commercially.,Terrestrial,"This species is on the Red List of the hoverflies of Bayern (Germany) as Data Deficient and on that for Germany as very rare. Its distributional range is partly within the boundaries of the Natura 2000 network, and in Rila National Park (Bulgaria). Since it has been reported mainly in mountains of central and eastern Europe, conservation actions should be focused on preserving its habitat from intensification of grassland management and grazing pressure. Monitoring and further research is required to establish its habitat and ecological requirements and to understand the existing threats better.
",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Global & Europe 149163987,149163985,Cheilosia melanura,Least Concern,,2021,2020-03-12 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
Both the area of occupancy (AOO) and the extent of occurrence (EOO) are above the thresholds for a threatened category. Continuing declines in the quality of its habitat due to tourism, overgrazing and urbanization are considered the main threats. This species is distributed on the high mountains in Switzerland and the Balkans. However, it is projected to experience declines under climate change, and this should be carefully monitored as this may push the species into a threatened category in the future. Further research is needed, especially on its biology and ecology.
","This species prefers open ground: unimproved, calcareous and non-calcareous montane and subalpine grassland, from within the Picea zone upwards. Adults are fast flying at 2-4 m, frequently along streams and active from the middle of the May (beginning of July at higher altitudes) to August. They visit white umbellifers, Caltha palustris, Ranunculus spp. and Euphorbia spp.. Its developmental stages and host plant are undescribed (Vujić 1996, Speight 2018), although Doczkal (1996) observed oviposition on Cirsium spinossimum and Stuke (2000) scored aspects of the larval morphology.
","The tourism industry (i.e. expansion of tourism infrastructure) is the most plausible threat. Overgrazing and residential urbanization can also negatively affect the population. Furthermore, this high-mountain species can experience severe effects under climate change scenarios using species distribution modelling. Their ranges and abundances would be greatly reduced (range up to 60% and abundance up to 68% by 2080), vanishing almost entirely from the Balkan peninsula, except for alpine regions where suitable climatic conditions could persist (Radenković et al. 2017).
","The population trend of this species is unknown for Europe and the EU 27. There have been many subpopulations registered across its range. It was first recorded in Europe in 1896, within Croatia, although recent records are also present.
",Unknown,"This species is distributed in the Carpathians, Schwarzwald, Alps and Balkan mountains. Outside of Europe, it can be found in the Caucasus mountains and in western Siberia to Cis-Baikal (Vujić 1996, Speight 2018).
The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27.
Most point localities of this species are within protected areas categorized by the IUCN and the Natura-2000 network. In Montenegro some point localities belong to National park Durmitor. In Serbia some subpopulations are within national parks Kopaonik and Šar planina, while others in Natural parks Stara planina, Golija and Zlatibor. Unfortunately, increasing of tourism (ski resorts), overgrazing and urbanization constantly increase disturbance of its habitats. Increasing awareness about this species is very important. Further investigation of its biology and ecology is needed. More monitoring on population and habitat trend are required.
",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Europe 149163997,149163995,Cheilosia lucense,Endangered,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),2021,2020-04-29 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"Cheilosia lucense is considered to be endemic to the Cantabrian mountains in northwest Spain. Due to its small area of occupancy 8 km2, the fact that it is found in only two locations and a continuing decline in quality of habitat due to agriculture, overgrazing and wood harvesting, this species is assessed as Endangered. It would benefit from area and habitat protection, as well as legal protection. Further monitoring of the species is needed.
The known specimens were collected in calcareous montane unimproved grasslands (Ricarte et al. 2014). It is known to visit flowers of Chaerophyllum hirsutum (Ricarte et al. 2014). The flight period is during May. The larva must be phytophagous, but the developmental stages have not been described (Speight 2020).
","So far as is known this species is endemic to the Cantabrian Mountains, and so activities in this region are considered to affect the entire population of Cheilosia lucense directly. The landscape of this area is strongly influenced by human activities. Flatter areas have traditionally been cultivated, while wood from forests has been used as a source of fuel. Extensive areas of scrublands have been burnt or grazed by domestic animals (Ricarte et al. 2014)
","There is no known information about the population trend or size of this species, but it is presumed that the population is small because only six specimens are known so far, all of them collected in 2012 (Ricarte et al. 2014). These were quite easy to collect and identify, and therefore the low number of specimens suggests that the species is rare.
",Unknown,"This species is considered to be endemic to Europe, found only in northwest Spain (the Cantabrian mountains) (Speight 2020). It was relatively recently described (in 2014). The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is around 90 km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) is around 8 km2. It is found between 710 m and 1,280 m above sea level.
",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,Terrestrial,"There are no known conservation actions conducted for this species. It would benefit from area and habitat protection, as well as legal protection and management of grazing and tourism. Future research on its ecology, threats and population trends, and continued monitoring of the habitat and population is needed.
",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,"Global, Europe & Mediterranean" 149164008,149164005,Cheilosia longula,Least Concern,,2021,2020-05-18 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 27 because of its large range, and the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27. It is considered unthreatened across Europe (Speight et al. 2020). Potential threats are degradation of its habitat quality in part of its range due to human activities such as unsustainable forestry. Further research into its threats and population trend is needed.
","The preferred habitat for this species is forest (deciduous and coniferous) and conifer plantations. Adults are found in glades, clearings, tracksides etc., flying at up to 3 m, often settling on low-growing vegetation in dappled sunlight: they are more frequent in conifer than deciduous forest. They visit flowers of white umbellifers, yellow composites, Achillea, Calluna, Cirsium, Euphorbia, Galium and Potentilla erecta. The flight period is from end June to October, with a peak in September. The larva was described and figured by Rotheray (1990), and illustrated in colour by Rotheray (1994). It is an internal feeder on the tissues of various large, woodland basidiomycete mushrooms, especially Boletus, Leccinum and Suillus (Buxton, 1955, Hackman and Meinander 1979). It overwinters as a puparium (Speight 2020).","This species is affected by the loss of habitat quality in some parts of its range due to unsustainable forestry but this threat do not influence the overall population trend, which remains stable (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).
","There is no known information about the population size of this species. Although a decreasing trend has been reported in Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands and Switzerland (Speight et al. 2020), presumably the overall population is stable in Europe and the EU 27.
",Stable,"This species ranges from Fennoscandia south to the Pyrenees; and from Ireland eastwards through Eurasia, with southern range limits in Europe in Italy and the Balkans (Speight 2020). Outside of Europe, the species is found across the Eurasian continent to eastern Siberia and in North America. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,Terrestrial,"This species is protected under Serbian legislation. It is considered unthreatened across Europe (Speight et al. 2020). Future monitoring of its population and habitat is needed, as well as research on its population, habitat and potential threats.
",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Europe 149164035,149164033,Cheilosia limbicornis,Endangered,B2ab(iii),2021,2020-05-14 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"Cheilosia limbicornis is endemic to Spain, and listed as Endangered since it has severely fragmented population and restricted area of occupancy (52 km2), found in 6-7 locations, and there is a continuing decline in the quality of the habitat throughout its range due to destruction of forests from forestry. Future monitoring is needed, as well as research on its population, ecology and threats.
","The preferred habitat for this species is forest, where it occurs in open areas within matorral of both Pinus and Quercus species; and Q. ilex maquis (M. Marcos-Garcia pers. comm. 2019), up to 1,600m. It visits flowers of Prunus spinosus (Pérez-Bañón et al. 1996), and Ranunculus ollissiponensis (Marcos-García 1990). The flight period is from the middle of March until June. The larva will be phytophagous, but developmental stages are undescribed (Speight 2020).","This species is threatened by the degradation of habitat quality due to destruction of forests, poor forestry management and overgrazing, impacting the diversity of plants and probably the currently-unknown host plant (A. Ricarte pers. comm. 2019).
","There is no known information on population trends. All specimens are more than 20 years old. Pérez-Bañón et al. (1996) stated that taking into account the dispersion of its distribution within the peninsular area, it can be assumed that although low in numbers, Cheilosia limbicornis is present in a large part of the Iberian territory. It occurs in 6-7 localities, and is considered severely fragmented due to it being a forest species and forests are limited in Spain.
",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Spain (Speight 2020). Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is around 159,967 km2 and area of occupancy (AOO) about 52 km2.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,Terrestrial,"There are no known conservation activities for this species. Protection of its habitats is needed along with grazing control, as well as future monitoring of its population and habitat, and research on its population, ecology and potential threats. It is found in a protected area, the Sierra Nevada National Park.
",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,"Global, Europe & Mediterranean" 149164045,149164043,Cheilosia lenta,Endangered,B2ab(iii),2021,2020-05-13 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
This species is assessed as Endangered since it has restricted area of occupancy (188 km2 in pan-Europe and 76 km2 in the EU27), the population is severely fragmented because it is connected with humid forests which are disappearing and becoming fragmented across Europe, isolating subpopulations, and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat throughout Europe due to unsustainable forestry. Future monitoring is needed, as well as research its ecology.
","This species is found in forests, beside brooks and rivers in humid deciduous forest, from Quercus/Carpinus up into the Fagus zone to above 1,500 m in the Balkans (Vujić 1996 and pers. comm. 2019). The adult flies low over waterside vegetation, settling on leaves (Vujić 1996). It visits flowers of Caltha, Myosotis and Ranunculus (Vujić 1996). The flight period is during April to June and July at higher elevations (Vujić 1996). The larva will be phytophagous, but the developmental stages are undescribed (Speight 2020).","This species is mainly threatened by the loss of habitat due to the destruction of humid forests across Europe, mainly caused by unsustainable forestry practices: this is a problem even in the protected areas where this species lives (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020).","The population of this species is considered to be severely fragmented because it is typically connected with humid deciduous forests which are disappearing in most places in Europe, reducing or preventing dispersal between subpopulations.
",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Europe, known from North Macedonia, Greece, Hungary, Romania, Serbia and Slovenia. Records from Switzerland are considered to be erroneous (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is large in both Europe and the EU 27, but the area of occupancy (AOO) is only 188 km2 in Europe and in the EU 27 it is 76 km2.
",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,Terrestrial,"There are no known conservation activities for this species. Future monitoring is needed, as well as research on its ecology and potential threats.
",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Global & Europe 149164055,149164053,Cheilosia latigenis,Endangered,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),2021,2020-05-12 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
Cheilosia latigenis is endemic to the Pyrenees in France and is assessed as Endangered since it has a restricted AOO (16 km2) and EOO (192 km2) in Europe and in the EU 27, it is found only at 3 locations both in Europe and in the EU 27, and there is a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat due to development of winter tourism and overgrazing on mountain grasslands. Additionally, climate change is a threat, as high-alpine species are considered to be especially threatened. Future monitoring is needed, as well as research on its ecology and population trends.
","The preferred environment for this species is open ground beside pools and streams in unimproved, non-calcareous, subalpine grassland. Adults visit flowers of Caltha palustris and Senecio. The flight period is during June. The larva will be phytophagous, but the developmental stages are undescribed (Speight 2020).","As this species is restricted to mountainous areas, mainly in high alpine habitats, development of winter tourism as well as overgrazing on mountain grasslands present the most severe threats for this species (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019). Additionally, climate change is a threat, as high-alpine species are considered to be especially threatened.
","There is no known information about the population trend or population size for this species (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019). It is so far known mainly from type material collected in 1991, a total of 12 specimens. Some recent material comes from the Pyrenees, i.e. two specimens from 2014 and one from 2017 (material of X. Lair, unpubl. data).
",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe, found only in the Pyrenees in France (Speight 2020). In Europe and in the EU 27, the extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is around 192 km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) is around 16 km2. The species is found between 1,600 m and 2,100 m above sea level.",There is no known use of or trade in this species.,Terrestrial,"There are no known conservation activities for this species. It would benefit from area and habitat protection, as well as protection through national legislation, as it is endemic to France. Management of grazing and tourism is required. Future monitoring is needed, as well as research on its ecology and population trends.",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Global & Europe 149164065,149164063,Cheilosia laticornis,Least Concern,,2021,2020-03-19 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
Cheilosia laticornus is assessed as Least Concern because of its relatively large range, whose extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27. Although considered threatened in some European countries, it is considered that the European population as a whole is still stable. Potential threats for this species are degradation of habitat quality in part of its range due to poor management practices of European forests and overgrazing. Further research into its distribution, ecology, threats and population trend is needed.
","This species occurs in tall-herb open areas and tracksides within montane, southern European deciduous forest (mesophilous Fagus, Castanea) and unimproved, montane grassland. At the northern edge of its range in southern Sweden, it appears to be confined to coastal grassland. The adults fly among tall-herb vegetation of scrub-invaded grassland, forest tracksides and clearings, settling on foliage. Flower visitation records are known from umbellifers and yellow composites. The flight period is from the end of April to June and the end July to the beginning of September. The larva is not described, but Sörensson (2003) suggests Peucedanum oreoselinum may act as one larval host-plant (Speight 2018).","A decline in the quality of habitat due to poor management across forests in Europe affects this species in a part of its range. As the species is found in grasslands as well, overgrazing might posse an additional threat.","There is no information on population size but due to the large range and the fact that it can be locally abundant, it is presumed that the population is stable.",Stable,"This species is found in southern Sweden, central Europe, the Balkans, southern Russia, Ukraine and Turkey and Israel eastwards to Afghanistan and Kyrgyzstan (Vujić et al. 2020). In Europe, there are isolated records from the northern edge of its range that suggest it is currently expanding northwards (Speight 2018).European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
Cheilosia lasiopa is assessed as Least Concern because of its relatively large range, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27. Although a decreasing population trend has been recorded in some European countries, it is considered that the European population as a whole is stable. Potential threats are degradation of habitat quality in part of its range due to poor management practices of European forests, and climate change because this is an alpine species. Further research into its distribution, ecology, threats and population trend is needed.
","The preferred habitat of this species is forest, both deciduous and coniferous, particularly scrub woodland. Adults are found in clearings, tracksides etc., where they fly low and fast and settle on the foliage of bushes etc. favouring those with large leaves such as Arctium. Flower visitation records are known from white umbellifers, Cochlearia, Crataegus, Euphorbia, Fragaria, Menyanthes, Ranunculus, Salix, Stellaria, Taraxacum and Vaccinium. The flight period is during May and June (with occasional specimens into July), and April in southern Europe. The larva was described and figured by Stuke and Carstensen (2000), from larvae which lived initially in the leaf and stem bases of Plantago lanceolata, and later in the rootstock. They also established that it overwinters as a puparium (Speight 2018).","Decline in the quality of habitat due to poor management across forests in Europe affects this species in a part of its range. Considering that this is an alpine species, it is possible that raising temperatures due to climate change might also poses a threat.","There is no known information about the population size of this species. It is assumed that the overall population trend is stable, although there is a recorded declining trend in several European countries (Speight et al. 2015).",Stable,"This species is widely distributed. It ranges from Fennoscandia south to the Vosges Mountains (north-east France); and from Britain eastwards through mountainous parts of central Europe into the former Yugoslavia and European parts of Russia (Speight 2018), although the range in European Russia is not well known. Outside of Europe, this species occurs across parts of Asia.Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
As this species lives in high-alpine habitats, the development of winter tourism as well as overgrazing of montane grasslands present its most severe threats (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019). Additionally climate change is a threat, because high-alpine species are considered to be especially threatened.
","Although found in several distinct countries, this species is considered rare. Not many specimens have been found, despite many general surveys done recently in the Alps (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019). Most records are quite old, 25 years or older. The population is considered to be severely fragmented because this is high-mountain species connected with alpine habitats, whose mountain peaks act as continental islands, disabling communication between subpopulations.
",Unknown,"The species is endemic to Europe, distributed in Austria, France, Germany, Italy, and Switzerland (Ståhls and Barkalov 2017). Its presence in Romania is uncertain, as the records are very old. The specimen reported as C. laeviventris in Montenegro was later reclassified as C. caerulescens (Vujić 1996). In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 24 km2 and in the EU 27 about 20 km2. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 46,645 km2 both in Europe and in EU27.
",This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,Terrestrial,"There are no known conservation activities for this species. It would benefit from area and habitat protection, as well as management of grazing and tourism.. Future monitoring is needed, as well as research on its ecology, population size and further threats.",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Global & Europe 149164095,149164093,Cheilosia laeviseta,Endangered,B2ab(iii),2021,2020-04-24 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
This species is assessed as Endangered since it has restricted area of occupancy (112 km2 in Europe and 68 km2 in EU27), its population is severely fragmented and as a high-mountain species it is connected with alpine habitats whose mountain peaks act as continental islands, disabling communication between subpopulations. There is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of the habitat throughout Europe due to development of winter tourism and overgrazing on mountain grasslands. Additionally, climate change is also a threat, as high-alpine species are considered to be especially threatened. Future monitoring is needed, as well as research on its ecology.
","The preferred environment for this species is open ground; open, grassy areas in the Larix zone upwards into unimproved calcareous and non-calcareous subalpine grassland to above 2,000 m into the alpine zone, including sparsely vegetated, stony ground and close to snow patches. Adults fly at up to 1 m over alpine grassland vegetation, and settle on rocks and stones in the sun. Flower visitation records are known from white umbellifers and Ranunculus. The flight period is from beginning of June to mid-August. It almost certainly has phytophagous larvae, like congeneric species, but the host plant is unknown and the developmental stages are undescribed (Speight 2018).
","As this species inhibits high alpine habitats, development of winter tourism and overgrazing of mountain grasslands present its most severe threats. Climate change is also a threat, because high-alpine species are considered to be especially threatened (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019).
","There is no information about population size. There are both older (30 years) and newer (2013-2020) records. Considering that this is a high-altitude mountain species connected with alpine habitats, its population is considered to be severely fragmented because the mountain peaks act as continental islands, limiting or preventing dispersal between subpopulations (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019).
",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe, distributed in northern Spain, France, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, northern Italy, Montenegro and Greece. In addition, it was found in Slovenia in July 2020 on a mountain path near an alpine meadow (S. Bot pers. comm. 2020). In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 112 km2 and in the EU 27 about 68 km2. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 886,592 km2 in Europe and 872,625 km² in the EU27. It is found at high elevations. Although found quite recently in a new locality, given its rarity it is currently considered unlikely that it exists in a significant number of new localities so as to impact significantly the AOO and threat status.There are no known conservation activities for this species. It would benefit from area and habitat protection, as well as management of grazing and tourism. Future monitoring is needed, as well as research on its ecology, population size and further threats.
",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Global & Europe 149164105,149164103,Cheilosia gorodkovi,Endangered,B2ab(iii),2021,2020-03-19 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)
Due to its small area of occupancy (AOO) (16 km2) in Europe, the fact that it is found in four locations and the continuing decline in quality of habitat caused by livestock farming where one subpopulation (with the largest number of records) is found, this species is assessed as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)). At all other locations, only three specimens in total were recorded.
For the EU 27 regional assessment, the species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii)) because the known AOO is 4 km2 in the EU27 and the species occurs only in one location.
The species would benefit from protection of the area and the habitat, as well as by legal protection. Further research on its ecology and distribution as well as monitoring is urgently needed.
This species prefers open ground: humid, lowland unimproved grassland (Skufjin 1977) and steppe grassland (Mielczarek 2013). It visits flowers of Campanula, Fritillaria, Salix, and Schivereckia (Skufjin 1977). The flight period is April and May. The developmental stages are undescribed. The locality where it was found in Poland is a large flat forest glade surrounded by old oak trees. In the second half of the 19th century, the area was an overgrown forest, probably of a forest-pasture character. It is very likely that after cutting down the trees there was an arable field, followed by pasture and mowing meadow (Mielczarek 2013, Speight 2020).
","The main threat for this species is the loss of habitat due to livestock farming, especially in the locality in the European part of Russia (A. Barkalov pers. comm. 2019). The locality in Poland was found within a protected area and so it is less exposed to intensive grazing, but is still threatened by this activity.
","There is no information about population size or trends. The subpopulation in Russia was recorded in 1974 (in total, 33 specimens were collected), but was mentioned in Barkalov (2002) as being quite common: however, no precise distribution data were given. Only one specimen was collected in Poland in 2009. In Ukraine, two specimens were recorded (G. Popov pers. comm. 2019), but these records are still unpublished. No other data are available.
",Unknown,"Within the European region, this species is known from a single locality in southern Poland, north-eastern Ukraine (known from two still-unpublished locality records - G. Popov pers. comm. 2019), and from a single mapped locality in South European Russia. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 16 km2 and in the EU 27 it is estimated to be around 4 km2. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 79,301 km2 in Europe and around 1,000 km2 in the EU27. It is found between 162 m and 242 m asl.There are no known conservation actions for this species. It would benefit from protection of the area and the habitat, as well as legal protection. Future research needs to be focused on determining whether it is still present in the locality in Russia. In addition, its population trend, possible threats and ecology should be further investigated.
",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Europe 149164115,149164113,Cheilosia kerteszi,Endangered,B2ab(iii),2021,2020-03-13 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 27 regional assessment: Critically Endangered (CR)
Due to its small area of occupancy (28 km2) in Europe, the fact that it is found in four locations, and an inferred continuing decline in quality of habitat due to the destruction of deciduous forests across Europe and developing tourism in the area where one of the subpopulations is found, this species is listed as Endangered.
In the EU27 regional assessment the species is assessed as Critically Endangered because the area of occupancy and extent of occurrence in the European Union have been calculated at 4 km2, and it occurs only in one location. Although officially protected by national law in Serbia, it would benefit from protection in other countries of occurrence as well. Protection of the habitat and further monitoring is needed, considering that its most recent record was more than 20 years ago.
The main threat to this species is the destruction of its habitat, because it is associated with deciduous forests which are in general decline across Europe due to inappropriate forestry management. Developing mountain tourism in Montenegro, where one subpopulation occurs, represents an additional threat (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019).
","There is no information about the population size or trends of this species. The number of caught specimens is low (fewer than 30), the latest from the 1990s despite at least five surveys in Serbia and Montenegro in the last ten years. The current population trend is considered to be decreasing (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019).
",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Europe, recorded from Romania, Serbia and Montenegro (Vujić 1996, A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019). In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 28 km2 and in the EU27 estimated at 4 km2. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 20,479 km² in Europe and only 4 km2 in EU27. In Europe, it occurs in four locations, while occurring in just a single location in the EU 27. It is found between 380 m and 1,680 m above sea level.",This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,Terrestrial,"There are no known conservation actions for this species. It is protected by national law in Serbia. It also occurs in Durmitor National Park in Montenegro. It requires habitat protection and would benefit from being listed as protected in all the countries of its occurrence. Further research is needed in order to obtain information about its population trends, ecology and threats.
",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Global & Europe 149164125,149164123,Cheilosia katara,Critically Endangered,"B1ab(iii,v)",2021,2020-03-04 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"The Katara Pass, on the Greek mountain Pindos is the sole locality of this species. Due to its very small area of occupancy and extent of occurrence (both 12 km2), one location (due to the threat of grazing in the area) and the continuing decline in the quality of its habitat (and apparently in the number of mature individuals, inferred from evidence of recent decline) due to grazing, encroachment, development of winter tourism and developing infrastructure, this species is assessed as Critically Endangered
","This species prefers open areas with seepages/flushes in relict montane forest of Pinus heidreichii/P.nigra ssp.pallasiana (Vujić 1996). The adults are stocky with short wings, which results in their clumsy and short flight (Vujić 1996). They visit flowers of Ranunculus (Vujić 1996). It seems that it appears only over a short period during spring, from the end of April until mid-May (Speight 2018). The larvae are undescribed, but are presumably phytophagous.
","Although found only at the borders of the Pindos National Park, this species is facing threats. It is impacted by grazing of goats and sheep in the area, and this is probably its main threat (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019) since it is a strict endemic found only in a very small area. Additional threatening factors besides overgrazing are forest encroachment (construction sites, intense machinery use, large number of logging operations), development of winter tourism and the developing infrastructure in this area. The dense forest road network (that serves mostly for forest exploitation) influences the level of disturbance. Landslides and erosion following the loss or degradation of forest cover have already been observed in many parts of the forest (Calisto 2020).
","There is no information on population size. All specimens were found in only one subpopulation in a very restricted geographic area. Fewer than 30 specimens were found in the period 1990-2012. Most specimens date from 1990 and 2011. There are no more recent records, despite surveying at least three times in the last five years. Therefore the current population trend is considered to be decreasing (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019), however it is not yet considered to be extinct in wild.
",Decreasing,"This species is endemic to Europe, specifically to Pindos Mountain in the Peloponnese (Greece: Vujić et al. 2020). Its range is restricted to an extremely small geographic area above 1,000 m altitude near Metsovo, called the Katara Pass. It can be considered a strict local endemic of this area and a relict species. The extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is 12 km2 and its area of occupancy (AOO) is also 12 km2. It is found between 1,350 m and 1,680 m above sea level.
",This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,Terrestrial,"There are no known conservation actions for this species. Limiting the habitat destruction and further research on its population, life history and threats is needed, as well as monitoring and management of grazing. It is found within the Pindos National Park, formally a protected area but in reality the part where this species is found is strongly impacted by human activities. Increasing awareness is needed of the local people regarding the fact that this is the only place where Cheilosia katara occurs, as well as its inclusion in national legislation documents.
",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,"Global, Europe & Mediterranean" 149164135,149164133,Cheilosia insignis,Endangered,B2ab(iii),2021,2020-07-01 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 27 assessment: Endangered (EN)
This species is strictly protected in Serbia, and in the German Red List it is classified as rare. It is widespread in mountainous areas in Europe at low to medium-high altitudes, but not commonly encountered because it is an early spring flying species. However, there is no evidence of decreasing populations so far. Additional research on its population size and trend, and ecology is needed. The area of occupancy (AOO) is small (212 km2) in Europe and the EU 27 (124 km2), the distribution is considered severely fragmented and a decline in quality of habitat can be observed, and therefore the present status of this species is considered to be Endangered. Monitoring of the population is required.
This species can be subject to locally occurring anthropogenic activities in Europe such as intensified land-use due to increased urbanization, overgrazing in mountainous habitats and intensive forest management including clearings, which can lead to habitat degradation. Habitat loss and fragmentation are the major general threats to alpine and montane biodiversity.
",There is no information about population trends in Europe and the EU 27 but the species is considered severely fragmented as a high mountain species with isolated subpopulations.,Unknown,"This conspicuous species is endemic to Europe. It is distributed throughout mountainous parts from the Pyrenees to central Europe including Austria, Germany, France and Switzerland and Poland to the Balkan peninsula (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Serbia), and on to Bulgaria and Romania (Speight 2018).European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
This species is a widespread and relatively frequently occurring species throughout its distributional range. The population trend is unknown, and although it may locally be impacted due to unsustainable forest management or other human activities, there are no major direct threats. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are above the thresholds for the threatened categories. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and EU27. More research is needed on its population trends and microhabitat requirements.
","This species favours open areas in deciduous forest, montane unimproved grassland and unimproved grassland up to above 2,000 m in the alpine zone. It is also known from fens. It is active in clearings, tracksides etc.; males hover at 2-5 metres. Flower visitation records are known from a wide range of white Apiaceae, Compositae, Cirsium, Eupatorium, Euphorbia, Filipendula, Geranium, Mentha, Prunus, Ranunculus and Rubus. The flight period is from May to July and August/September (with a peak in July), but the second generation may be limited or missing. The larva was described and figured by Schmid (1999), from larvae found feeding externally on the rootstock and underground stem-bases of Arctium. It very probably has alternative food plants since it may be abundant where no Arctium is present, for instance in alpine grassland. Stuke (2000) and Doczkal (2002) report egg-laying by this species on Eupatorium cannabinum and numbers of teneral specimens have been found drying their wings on large Rumex, in grazed alpine grassland where no other large herbs were present (Speight 2020).","This species could potentially be subject to locally occurring anthropogenic activities in Europe, such as intensified land-use and intensive forest management including clearing, which could lead to habitat degradation.
",There is no information on population trends for this species in Europe and the EU 27.,Unknown,"This species is distributed in southern parts of Fennoscandia (Bartsch et al. 2009, Haarto and Kerppola 2007), south to the Pyrenees and north Spain (Ricarte and Marcos-Garcia 2017); and from Ireland east through all countries of central Europe (Speight 2020) to European parts of Russia, and across Siberia and the Russian Far East to the Pacific (Barkalov and Mutin 2018). It has also been recorded from Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan (A. Barkalov pers. comm. 2020).European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
This is a widespread and abundant species, and its host plants occur abundantly in most of Europe. The population trend of this species is unknown, and although it may be locally impacted by unsustainable forest management or other human activities, there are no major direct threats. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and EU27.
Although this species has most probably suffered from general anthropogenic activities in Europe related to land use change (such as increased urbanization, forest management clearings, intensive agriculture), it has an overall stable distribution and has adapted to some modified habitats so it is currently considered unthreatened.
This species is endemic to the Iberian peninsula and exists in open Quercus forest. The population trend of this species is unknown but it has a known area of occupancy of 56 km2 and exists in up to five locations. There is inferred to be a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to a variety of anthropogenic pressures. It is consequently assessed as Endangered. Protection of sites and habitats as well as more sustainable management of habitat is needed. Research on its ecology and population status is urgently needed as well as monitoring of the population and habitat.
,"The preferred environment is open Quercus forest, from 600-1,200 m asl. Flowers visited include white umbellifers, Chaerophyllum, Doronicum, Halymium, Stellaria (Marcos-Garcia and Claussen 1989), Rosa canina, Ranunculus, Spiraea and Taraxacum (van Eck 2011, 2016). The flight period is April to May. The host plant and immature stages are unknown (Speight 2018).","This species occurs in habitats that have undergone anthropogenic pressure from intensified land-use as a result of tourism, land conversion and overgrazing and the risk of uncontrolled forest fires.","There is no information on population trends for this species. The type specimens from Spain were collected in the 1980s, while the records from Portugal are from 2010s. Only a few specimens have been collected so far.",Unknown,"This species is endemic to the Iberian peninsula, where it is distributed in both Spain and Portugal. It is known from the Cantabrian mountain chain and the western mountain ranges of the Spanish central mountains. All Portuguese records are from Serra de Gerês and Serra da Estrela (Marcos-Garcia and Claussen 1989, van Eck 2016). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is large and the known area of occupancy is 56 km2. Based on the threats of land-use conversion, forest fires and overgrazing pressure, this species is considered to exist in up to five locations.",This species is not traded not commercially utilized.,Terrestrial,There are no ongoing conservation actions for this species. Protection of sites and habitats as well as more sustainable management of habitat is needed. Research on its ecology and population status is urgently needed as well as monitoring of the population and habitat.,Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,"Global, Europe & Mediterranean" 149164196,149164194,Cheilosia hypena,Least Concern,,2021,2020-05-25 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
This species is distributed in Portugal, Spain, France, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia and Serbia and can be found close to streams and pools in unimproved, montane and subalpine grassland. This species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 27 despite a relatively restricted known area of occupancy (AOO) (European - 232 km2; EU 27 - 160 km2), because it is widespread, regularly recorded and known from numerous localities, and the threats are presently thought to be localized because most known localities lie within protected areas. While there is presumed to be a continuing decline in the quality and quantity of some of its habitats, due to unsustainable forestry and urban infrastructure development, it is found in a range of different habitat types (forest and grasslands), and across a range of elevations (400 m to 2,000 m asl).
","This species can be found close to streams and pools in unimproved, montane and subalpine grassland, from 400 m upward to above 2,000 m; at lower elevations in the vicinity of marshy seepages and streams in open areas or in forest e.g. Betula, Quercus, Pinus uncinata. Adults fly along stream edges and among taller ground vegetation and settle on the foliage of taller herb layer plants, particularly white umbellifers (Speight, 2020). Males hover at 1-2 m (Vujić 1996). They visit flowers of umbellifers, Mentha, Parnassia, Saxifraga and Sisymbrium (Speight 2020). The flight period is from the beginning of June to the end of August, plus March to May in the Balkans (Vujic 1996). The developmental stages and host plant are unknown.","The habitat of this species is threatened by unsustainable forestry practices (lack of tree diversity, clearance of forest) and infrastructure development, mostly due to tourism in the mountainous areas, and building of forestry roads.","There is no information about the population size or trends of this species in Europe or the EU 27. More than 250 specimens have been collected so far. The oldest record is from 1921 (from Croatia), and the most recent one is from 2019 (from Switzerland). In Serbia and the Pyrenees, it appears quite regularly in large subpopulations, hence locally it is not a rare species. It may be more widespread than currently known.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in Portugal, Spain, France, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia and Serbia (Speight 2020). The only record from Sicily is dubious. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is large in Europe and the EU 27 but the area of occupancy (AOO) is only 232 km2 in Europe and in the EU 27, 160 km2.",This species is not traded not commercially utilized.,Terrestrial,There are no ongoing conservation actions known for this species. Most of the point localities occur within the Natura 2000 network. It is protected by law in Serbia. Additional research on its ecology and population status is needed. Monitoring of its population and habitat is required.,Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Global & Europe 149164207,149164204,Cheilosia himantopa,Least Concern,,2021,2020-05-22 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
This species is distributed in southern Sweden, Germany, France, the Alps and Apennines. This species occurs along streams and in open areas in humid Fagus forest and upwards through the Abies/Picea zone into unimproved, subalpine grassland. This species is assessed as Least Concern (LC) in Europe and the EU 27, since the extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO) and number of locations are above the thresholds for the threatened categories, but forest decline related to wet or flooded sites may cause noticeable declines in the quality of its habitat and this, along with the population trend should be closely monitored.
","This species occurs along streams and in open areas in humid Fagus forest and upwards through the Abies/Picea zone into unimproved, subalpine grassland (Speight 2018). The adults can be found from early April to June (to mid July at higher altitudes) (Smit et al. 2001). The larvae are phytophagous as most of its congeners, and was described by Dusek (1962) from Petasites under the name Cheilosia canicularis (Speight 2018). Stuke and Claussen (2000) reported Petasites albus, P. hybridus and P. kablikianus as host plants for C. himantopa. Females were observed ovipositing on the leaf bud of Petasites hybridus in late spring. Eggs were laid on structures such as dead leaves, twigs and non-host plants near Petasites hybridus with undeveloped leaf buds. Larvae move to the rhizome, which provides living plant tissue and an ideal place for the larvae to overwinter (Vujić and Šikoparija 2001).","Forest decline in wet or flooded sites has a negative impact on this species, causing noticeable decline in the quality of its habitat. Destruction of habitats with the host plant Petasites hybridus along rivers and streams as result of river bank management is the main threat in many countries.",There is no precise information on population trends for this species exist in Europe or the EU 27.,Stable,"This species is distributed in southern Sweden, Germany, France, the Alps (France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Italy) and Apennines (Italy) (Speight 2018) and in countries of the Balkan peninsula (Vujić and Šikoparija 2001). It has also been recorded in Poland (Klasa and Soszynski 2010), Slovakia (Mazánek and Bičík 2001), Czech Republic, the Netherlands, Belgium (Smit et al. 2001), Hungary and Bulgaria (Tóth 2011, 2014).Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
This European endemic montane species has a wide distribution in central Europe and is not commonly encountered being mostly recorded in low numbers. It has a small area of occupancy (AOO) of only 120 km2 in Europe and of 96 km2 in the EU 27. It also has a decline in habitat quality and a severely fragmented population. This species is therefore assessed as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)) in Europe and the EU 27. Further research is needed into its biology, ecology and distribution.
","This species occurs in herb-rich open areas within Abies/Picea forest and upwards into calcareous, unimproved subalpine grassland to well above the tree line. Flowers visited include white umbellifers, Anemone ranunculoides, Caltha, Helianthemum, Ranunculus, Salix, Senecio and Tanacetum. Bartsch (2009) collected the species on Laserpitium latifolium. The flight period extends from the end of May to July, and on into August at higher altitudes. The host plant and immature stages are unknown (Speight 2018).","This species is experiencing habitat loss due to overgrazing by livestock in montane habitats, and habitat fragmentation due to land conversion and increased land-use (urbanization) are potential local threats to this species.","The population of this species is considered to be severely fragmented because of its mountain-top subalpine habitats, which act as continental islands disabling communication between subpopulations, exacerbated by destruction of suitable habitat which remains in small patches. The species is not commonly encountered, and is mostly recorded in low numbers. Its population trend is unknown in Europe and the EU 27.
The habitat of this species may be impacted intensified land use due to increased urbanization and intensive forest management including clearings. It is believed this is leading to loss in the quality of the habitat. Even in the protected areas that this species exists, inappropriate forest management and human activities constantly increase disturbance of the habitat.
","There is no information on population trends for this species for Europe or the EU 27. The population is considered to be severely fragmented as a result of a very fragmented habitat, leaving the subpopulations isolated.",Unknown,"This European endemic species is only known from the Carpathian Mountains (Romania) and the Balkan peninsula (Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia) (Bradescu 1982, Ståhls and Barkalov 2017; Vujić 1996, 2020). It has a large extent of occurrence in Europe but has an estimated area of occupancy of 48 km2 in Europe and only 8km2 in the EU 27. The EOO cannot be calculated for the EU 27 as it only exists in two localities.",This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,Terrestrial,"Some localities of this species are within the boundaries of the Natura 2000 network in Romania, Durmitor National Park in Montenegro and Mavrovo National Park in Macedonia. Although these areas are protected, inappropriate forest management and human activities constantly increase disturbance of the habitat. Therefore, improved protection of key sites and habitats is recommended as well as increasing public awareness of this species. Further research into its ecology, including microhabitat preferences, and larval biology is needed, as well as monitoring of population and habitat trends. Further research on threats is also recommended.",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Global & Europe 149164237,149164235,Cheilosia grisella,Least Concern,,2021,2020-05-25 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
This species is fairly widely distributed in Europe and its population is considered stable. Whilst the area of occupancy (AOO) is within the threshold for the Endangered category, the extent of occurrence (EOO) and number of locations are above the thresholds for the threatened categories. However, unsustainable livestock grazing practices may locally impact this species. Currently, this species is assessed as Least Concern in Europe and the EU 27. Monitoring and research of its distribution, population status, habitat trends and ecology is recommended.
","This species prefers open ground, unimproved montane/subalpine grassland on calcareous and non-calcareous sites sometimes at lower altitudes. The adults can be found from June to July, August at higher altitudes. The developmental stages are unstudied (Speight 2018), but the larvae must be phytophagous like related species.","Montane and subalpine pastures tolerate moderate grazing, but inappropriate grazing practices cause declines in the quality of the habitat of this species. Climate change may impact in the future, but at the moment it does not seem to be a major threat because its elevational range is wide.","No precise information on population trends for this species exists in Europe or the EU 27. The population trend is considered stable, with individuals found in high numbers.",Stable,"This species is distributed in the Carpathians (""Silesia""), in the Alps (France, Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, northern Italy) (Speight 2018) and countries of the Balkan peninsula (Bosnia, Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia, North Macedonia, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Romania) (Vujić 1996). It has been recorded in Georgia (Mengual et al. 2020), but is unlikely to occur here in reality, and has not been found there recently. Its presence in Russia is doubtful (Barkalov and Mutin 2018). Therefore, this species is considered to be a European endemic.Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
This typically low mountain species is assessed as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)) due to small area of occupancy (AOO), which is around 108 km2 in Europe and 20 km2 in EU 27, and a severely fragmented population. The main threats are deforestation and transformation of the native lowland forests into monoculture tree plantations (Populus spp.), causing a decline in the extent and quality of the habitat. It requires further monitoring and protection of areas and the habitat.
","This is a typical species of the Pannonian Plain, some outcrops in the Balkans (Javor Mountain in Bosnia and Herzegovina) and some parts of the European low mountain ranges (in Germany). It is dependent on rivers, and is found at low elevations (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019). It prefers deciduous forest and Quercus/Fraxinus forest, including alluvial hardwood forest (Vujić 1994, 1996). Adults appear during the spring (April - May), flying among Salix branches and settling on large-leaved plants. Specimens were found on flowers of Euphorbia and leaves of Smyrnium perfoliatum (Šimić et al. 1994). The largest population density is recorded in the period April 20-May 10 (Vujić 1994, Speight 2018).
",The main threats to this species are deforestation and transformation of the native lowland forests into monocultures of tree plantations (Populus sp.). The areas where it occurs in the Pannonian Plain are especially affected by this activity (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2019).
,"There is no information on population size or trends. There are more than 100 records for this species. Due to the geographic distribution of mountains in the regions between Hungary and Germany the German subpopulations are very isolated, with no possible exchange of individuals, and so the population is considered severely fragmented.
",Unknown,"This species is endemic to Europe. Until recently its range has been uncertain due to confusion with Cheilosia canicularis, but so far it has been confirmed at low elevations in Germany, Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia (Speight 2018). The latest specimen was found in 2019 in Serbia. In Europe, the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be around 108 km2 and in the EU 27 around 20 km2. The extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be around 359,525 km2 in Europe and 165,033 km2 in the EU27. It is found between 75 m and 619 m above sea level.
",This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,Terrestrial,"This species is strictly protected under Serbian legislation. Both site and habitat protection are needed, as well as further research on its taxonomy, ecology, population trends and threats. Some monitoring in Serbia has occurred, but more activities across its range are recommended.
",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Global & Europe 149164257,149164255,Cheilosia gagatea,Endangered,B2ab(iii),2021,2020-07-05 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 27 assessment: Endangered (EN)
This species occurs at low to high altitudes in the European Alps and on the Balkan peninsula, but in geographically restricted areas mostly in mountains, and thus the distributional area is severely fragmented. The species is not very common, but there is no evidence of decreasing populations. A decline in quality of habitat and area of occupancy (AOO) can be projected and the AOO is <500 km2 in both Europe and the EU 27. This species is therefore assessed as Endangered in Europe and the EU 27. Research is needed to determine whether the population is declining and to better understand the threats. Monitoring of the population and habitat is needed.
","This species is found on unimproved, calcareous montane and subalpine grassland to above 2,000 m in the Alps, and open areas within Fagus/Picea forest. Adults are found on tracksides, in clearings and in pastureland up to 2 m from the ground. Flower visitation records are known from white umbellifers and Ranunculus. The flight period is from May to July. The developmental stages are undescribed (Speight 2020).","The habitat of this species can be affected by localized anthropogenic impacts in Europe, such as intensified land-use due to increased urbanization and intensive forest management including clearing, which could lead to habitat degradation.","There is no information on population trends for this species for Europe and the EU 27. It is not very common, but there is no evidence of a decreasing population currently. The species is considered severely fragmented in Europe.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in central Europe, in Poland (Mielczarek 2009), Slovakia (Maznáek 2009), France (Speight et al. 2020), Switzerland (CSCF 2019), Austria (Heimburg 2018), northern Italy (Sommaggio 2010), the Balkan countries of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia (Vujić 1996), Bulgaria (Toth 2014) and Romania (Stanescu and Parvu 2005); it has also been recorded from northern Spain (Cordillera Cantabrica) (Ricarte and Marcos-Garcia 2017).There are no known conservation actions for this species. In light of the current distribution and population size, such actions are presently not required. Research on the population and monitoring of the population and habitat is recommended.
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
In Europe this species is mainly confined to boreal forests in Fennoscandia (the taiga belt) and northwest European Russia, with a few records in the Moscow region and in Poland. Its immature stages are highly likely to develop in fungi (Boletaceae) as in the other members of the subgenus, but host fungus and immature stages remain unknown. The population trend is unknown, and although it may locally be threatened due to unsustainable forest management or other human activities, there are no major direct threats. The extent of occurrence and area of occupancy are above the thresholds for the threatened categories. Therefore this species is assessed as Least Concern in both Europe and EU27. More research is needed to clarify its ecology, population trends and microhabitat requirements.
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 assessment: Endangered (EN)
Cheilosia cumanica is assessed as Least Concern at the European regional level despite its relatively restricted known area of occupancy (148 km2) and the continuing decline in the quality and quantity of its habitat from unsustainable forestry and agricultural intensification, because of its large extent of occurrence (192,214 km2) and number of locations above the threshold (17).
At the EU 27 level it is assessed as Endangered due to the very restricted known area of occupancy (16 km2), extent of occurrence (4,696 km2) and number of locations within the threshold (3) in the only EU 27 range state, Romania. The above-mentioned threats to the habitat of the species are also present on the EU27 level.
","The preferred habitat of this species is deciduous forest, occurring in herb-rich open areas in thermophilous Quercus forest (Q. cerris/Q. pubescens) (Speight 2020). Adults fly low and settle on foliage of bushes and Smyrnium perfoliatum (Vujić 1996) and on foliage of trees such as Tilia, up to 2 m from the ground (A. Vujic pers. comm. 2020). Males hover at up to 3 m (A. Vujic pers. comm. 2020). Flower visitation records are known from Smyrnium perfoliatum and white Apiaceae (Vujić 1996). The flight period is from March to August (Vujić 1996). Developmental stages and host plant are unknown.","Threats to the habitat of this species include unsustainable forestry practices, which include disturbance of forest herb diversity from a high density of trees or forest clearing, resulting in too dry or otherwise disturbed habitats; and also land-use change such as conversion of forest to agricultural land or urbanization. Habitat decline can be projected in the very localized areas where this species occurs, as pressure from forestry is increasing.","There is no information about population sizes or trends. More than 200 specimens have been collected so far. Most of the records date from the 1980s and 1990s, with the most recent from Montenegro and Serbia, taken in 2017. Records over the last ten years have decreased in Serbia, suggesting a decline, but the reasons behind this are unknown. Although the overall current population trend is unknown it is suspected that there is a decline, at least in parts of the distribution (A. Vujić pers. comm. 2020). It is declining in Serbia, where the majority of occurrences derive (but still less than 50%). Its occurrences in this country are in lowland areas which are not connected, with large areas of agriculture and urbanization between them, thus Serbian subpopulations are considered severely fragmented.",Unknown,"This species is distributed in Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Romania (Speight 2020), and Russian Transcaucasia (Barkalov and Mutin 2018). Outside Europe it is found in Iran (Speight 2020). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is large in Europe and the EU 27 but the area of occupancy (AOO) is only 148 km2 in Europe and 16 km2.",This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,Terrestrial,"There are no conservation actions known for this species. Some of the point localities occur within National Parks; two point localities are within Natura 2000 network in Romania. Additional research on its ecology and population trend is needed. Monitoring is required to clarify whether declines have genuinely taken place, and if so, their extent, scale and causes.",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Europe 149164331,149164329,Cheilosia crassiseta,Endangered,B2ab(iii),2021,2020-06-21 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
This species is encountered at low to high elevations in most of the European Alps. Its occurrence is restricted to geographically small areas in several countries in Europe, and the distributional area is considered severely fragmented. It is not very common, but no evidence of population decline currently exists. Its habitat is projected to be in decline (both in quality and extent) as a result of grazing livestock. The area of occupancy (AOO) is less than 500 km² in both Europe and the EU 27, therefore this species is assessed as Endangered in Europe and the EU 27. This species requires further research on its habitat and ecology, threats, population and monitoring of its population and habitat.
","The habitat of this species is open ground: unimproved, non-calcareous grassland, from within the upper part of the Abies/Picea zone upwards into alpine grassland to 2,500 m. There are no data on flower visits by adult flies. The flight period is June, and July at higher altitudes. The host-plant and immature stages are unknown (Speight 2018).",This species may be threatened due to habitat degradation caused by grazing livestock.,There is no information on population trends of this species in Europe or the EU 27. This high mountain species is considered to have a severely fragmented population.,Unknown,"This species is endemic to central and south-east European mountain regions. It has a severely fragmented distribution in low to high mountain areas in Poland (Mielczarek 2009), the Alps (France, Switzerland, Austria, Italy) (Speight 2018; Heimburg 2018), Slovakia (Mazanek 2009), Slovenia and the Balkans (Montenegro) (Vujic 1996, van Steenis et al. 2015). It has a large extent of occurrence (EOO) in Europe and the EU 27 but the area of occupancy (AOO) is only 200 km2 in Europe and is 148 km2 in the EU 27.",This species is not traded and not commercially utilized.,Terrestrial,"There are no ongoing conservation actions known for this species but more sustainable grazing practices may benefit this species. This species requires research on its habitat and ecology, threats, population and monitoring of its population and habitat.",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Global & Europe 149164341,149164339,Cheilosia clausseni,Endangered,B2ab(iii),2021,2020-03-16 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
EU 27 regional assessment: Endangered (EN)
This species is assessed as Endangered (EN B2ab(iii)) because of its relatively small area of occupancy (European - 68 km2; EU 27 - 40 km2), due to unsustainable forestry practices and its severely fragmented population. Potential threats include degradation of habitat quality, mostly due to unsustainable forestry and infrastructure development. Further research into its ecology, threats and population trends is needed.
","This species can be easy to overlook due to its early flight period. It prefers humid, open grassy areas in Fagus/Picea forest upwards through the Picea zone and on into Pinus cembra forest and the Larix zone (Speight 2020). It can be found in grassy clearings and tracksides, usually close to streams (Vujić 1996); females fly low and fast, with a rapid, zigzag flight, settling on leaves of low-growing plants (e.g., Caltha) in the sun (Speight 2020). Adults visit flowers of Caltha, Salix, Taraxacum and Tussilago. It is an early spring species, with a flight period from the beginning of May to June. The developmental stages and the host plant are unknown (Speight 2020).","The habitat of this species is threatened by unsustainable forestry practices (clearing of forests, low diversity of planted forest, lack of unmanaged areas) and infrastructure development, including roads built for forestry.","There are no data on the population size or trends of this species and its trend is considered unknown for Europe and the EU 27. So far about 30 specimens have been collected, most from the 1980s and 1990s. Its population is considered severely fragmented as it is found in small numbers and its localities are isolated with large distances between them. In the northern parts of its range it does not occur in high mountains.",Unknown,"The range of this species is uncertain due to confusion with other species until recently, but it has been confirmed from mainland France, Germany, Switzerland, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Speight 2020), Belgium (one record, male), and the Czech Republic.European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 assessment: Least Concern (LC)
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 assessment: Least Concern (LC)
The preferred habitat types are widespread, but potential local threats could exist from anthropogenic activities in Europe, including intensified land-use due to increased urbanization, intensive forest management, or wetland drainage leading to habitat destruction.
","There is no information on population trends for this species. In Scandinavia it is rather rare, but is more frequently recorded in Denmark.",Unknown,"This species is widespread throughout Europe, except in some parts of western Europe and the Mediterranean region. It is distributed in all Scandinavia, extending south to the Pyrenees; and from southern England eastwards including most of central Europe and all of the Balkan peninsula into European parts of Russia and further into Siberia and Kazakstan (Speight 2018, Barkalov and Muitn 2018).European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
This is a very widespread European species with a stable population trend. The host plant typically grows in large communities and is distributed throughout Europe. The extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) are far greater than the thresholds to be considered in the threatened categories for Europe and the EU 27. Therefore the present status of this species is considered to be Least Concern in Europe and the EU 27.
The natural habitat of this species is rocky unimproved calcareous and non-calcareous subalpine grassland and heath to above 2,000 m (Speight 2018). The larva is a leaf-miner of Houseleeks (Sempervivum spp.) (d'Aguilar and Coutin 1988). It is bivoltine and has spread rapidly north and west across Europe in recent decades, mainly utilizing Sempervivum tectorum growing in gardens. The host plants are alpine in their natural habitat, but have been cultivated for a very long time, growing on roofs and walls and often planted in rock gardens and, more recently, as patio plants. The hoverfly has spread north and west across Europe and its arrival in Britain has been expected. It was first found in the Netherlands in 1986, but by 2005 it was reported to be widespread and common in urban gardens in Leiden (Reemer et al. 2009). The recent British records are definitely from suburban gardens, including specimens bred from Sempervivum imported to Britain from horticultural suppliers in the Netherlands (Collins and Halstead 2008, Speight 2018). Judging by the experience in Belgium and the Netherlands, it can be expected to spread rapidly and become widespread in urban gardens in the UK (Ball and Morris 2014).
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 assessment: Least Concern (LC)
This species could potentially be subject to localized anthropogenic activities in Europe, such as intensified land-use due to increased urbanization, and intensive forest management including clearing which could lead to habitat degradation.
",There is no information on population trends for Europe or the EU 27.,Unknown,"This species is widely distributed in the Mediterranean and adjacent regions, where it is known from southern France, northern Italy, the Balkans (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia), Romania, southern Russia. Outside of Europe, this species exists in northern Caucasus (Georgia), Ukraine, Israel and North Africa (Morocco) (Speight 2018).Global and European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 assessment: Least Concern (LC)
This species is assessed as Least Concern because of its relatively large extent of occurrence and area of occupancy in Europe and the EU 27. It is considered unthreatened across Europe (Speight et al. 2020), although classified as Critically Endangered in the Red Lists of Baden-Württemberg (Germany) and in the German Red List. Potential threats are degradation of habitat quality in part of its range due to human activities such as unsustainable forestry and agriculture, because it can be found in forests and in grasslands. Further research into its ecology, threats and population trend is needed.
European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
EU 27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)
Habitat loss and degradation of habitat quality are the major ongoing threats to high-elevation alpine biodiversity, due to increased tourism and associated activities, and unsustainable livestock farming in alpine environments. The impacts of climate change at high elevations may result in unfavourable conditions for this species or its host plant.
There are no ongoing conservation actions known for this species. The localities where the newly collected specimens from Germany occur are within National Parks or protected areas. Further research and monitoring is recommended into its distribution, population size, ecology and threats.
",Palearctic,,FALSE,FALSE,Global & Europe 149164444,149164442,Cheilosia barbafacies,Endangered,B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii),2021,2020-08-13 00:00:00 UTC,3.1,English,"Global and European regional assessment: Endangered (EN)This species can be difficult to distinguish from several closely related species, so collected material should be checked because this species was only recently described and is not well known. Further investigation on its biology and ecology is needed. More monitoring of population and habitat trends is required. The species would benefit from education and awareness raising activities.