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<div dir="ltr"><font face="Tahoma" color="#000000" size="2">Hi Graham (and Chris),</font></div>
<div dir="ltr"><font face="tahoma" size="2"></font> </div>
<div dir="ltr"><font face="tahoma" size="2">Thanks very much for your detailed reply - it sounds like the black hoverfly death is something I will have to live with, and it is has only affected a small proportion of samples. I am following the specifiations
you recommend regarding damp cotton wool and using soft brushes to move them when their test tubes are fowled.
</font></div>
<div dir="ltr"><font face="tahoma" size="2"></font> </div>
<div dir="ltr"><font face="tahoma" size="2">I am raising them on the grass aphid Sitobian avenae, which they seem to have no trouble with - I cant feed them fast enough! They are now onto their 8th day and look a good size. This is the first batch I have reared
and wondered if you might also recommend how to allow for a successful development from larvae to pupae.</font></div>
<div dir="ltr"> </div>
<div dir="ltr"><font face="tahoma" size="2">Should I leave them in the test tubes with damp wool stoppers and will they just take on their pupae shape?</font></div>
<div dir="ltr"><font face="tahoma" size="2">Also, will I need to provide them with a substrate to attach to (other than the plastic / glass test tubes) that they can use to emerge from their casing?</font></div>
<div dir="ltr"> </div>
<div dir="ltr"><font face="Tahoma" size="2">Apologies for all the questions, but I also wondered how many (more!) days they may take to reach pupae stage, and then emergence as an adult? I used wild gravid females to get the eggs and hoped the turn around would
be quick at this time of year, and hopefully they will not aestivate / hibernate...</font></div>
<div dir="ltr"> </div>
<div dir="ltr"><font face="tahoma" size="2">Thanks again,</font></div>
<div dir="ltr"> </div>
<div dir="ltr"><font face="tahoma" size="2">Matt</font> </div>
<div dir="ltr"><font face="tahoma" size="2"></font> </div>
<div dir="ltr"><font face="tahoma" size="2"></font> </div>
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<font face="Tahoma" size="2"><b>From:</b> syrphidae-bounces@lists.nottingham.ac.uk [syrphidae-bounces@lists.nottingham.ac.uk] On Behalf Of Graham Rotheray [G.Rotheray@nms.ac.uk]<br>
<b>Sent:</b> 28 June 2010 10:13<br>
<b>To:</b> Hoverfly discussion list<br>
<b>Subject:</b> RE: [Syrphidae] RE: Raising Syrphus larvae<br>
</font><br>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Dear Matt (& Chris), Re your queries about rearing aphidophagous larvae, I have reared many species over the years. Under the rearing
conditions Matt describes, you shouldn’t have any particular problems. </span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"></span></font> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">However, I know well the dead ‘blackened’ larvae you have encountered. Some mortality is to be expected in cultures and there is nothing
special you can do to prevent it, other than carrying on and hoping the proportion dying remains small. The main dangers to larvae in culture are desiccation and the quality and quantity of prey. Use of damp cotton wool plugs should ensure there is enough
(& not too much) moisture in your tubes and providing small to medium sized aphids until larvae have reached the 3<sup>rd</sup> stage when they will take a wider range of prey sizes, should be OK.
</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"></span></font> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Not all aphid species are suitable even for a polyphagous species like S. ribesii, and although you don’t mention what aphid species
you are offering, I assume that is something you are aware of. Also switching between aphid species presented as prey can sometimes cause mortality and should be avoided. Larvae, especially small ones, are obviously more vulnerable and require care in handling,
i.e. use a brush to move them about rather than tweezers or forceps. </span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"></span></font> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">After larvae have finished feeding and emptied the hind gut, they are best removed to clean tubes and gently wrapped in slightly moistened
tissue paper. Tubes should be stored in cool, dark conditions. Depending on time of year, it will be 2-3 weeks before adults appear or larvae will aestivate for several weeks or hibernate for several months. The tissue paper should be replaced every few
weeks to prevent fungal infection.</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"></span></font> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Hope this is helpful.</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"></span></font> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">All best wishes,</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"></span></font> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Graham</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"></span></font> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Graham E Rotheray</span></font><font color="navy"><span style="COLOR: navy"></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">National Museums Collection Centre</span></font><font color="navy"><span style="COLOR: navy"></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">242 West Granton Road</span></font><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">,
</span></font><font color="navy"><span style="COLOR: navy"></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Edinburgh</span></font><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> EH5
1JA</span></font><font color="navy"><span style="COLOR: navy"></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Tel 0131 247 4243</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><font face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">From:</span></font></b><font face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"> syrphidae-bounces@lists.nottingham.ac.uk
[mailto:syrphidae-bounces@lists.nottingham.ac.uk] <b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">On Behalf Of
</span></b>Bergh, Chris<br>
<b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Sent:</span></b> 27 June 2010 13:57<br>
<b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">To:</span></b> 'Hoverfly discussion list'<br>
<b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Subject:</span></b> [Syrphidae] RE: Raising Syrphus larvae</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></font> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Matt,</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"></span></font> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">I have had this experience with larvae of Heringia calcarata. It has been sporadic and unpredictable, but like you, I would be interested
to know if anyone has an explanation.</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"></span></font> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Cheers - Chris</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"></span></font> </p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Chris Bergh</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">Associate Professor of Entomology</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Arial" color="navy" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: Arial">540-869-2560 ext. 32</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="Times New Roman" color="navy" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: navy"></span></font> </p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36pt"><font face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">-----Original Message-----<br>
<b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">From:</span></b> syrphidae-bounces@lists.nottingham.ac.uk [mailto:syrphidae-bounces@lists.nottingham.ac.uk]
<b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">On Behalf Of </span></b>Perkins, Matthew<br>
<b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Sent:</span></b> Sunday, June 27, 2010 8:28 AM<br>
<b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">To:</span></b> syrphidae@lists.nottingham.ac.uk<br>
<b><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Subject:</span></b> [Syrphidae] Raising Syrphus larvae</span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36pt"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></font> </p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36pt"><font face="Tahoma" color="black" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Good afternoon,</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36pt"><font face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">I could do with some advice on my hoverflies! Thanks already for those who have already offered much useful advice on my first PhD
experiemnt examining food chain lengths... this email list has proved invaluable.</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36pt"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></font> </p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36pt"><font face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">I have two new querries though if anyone could help:
</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36pt"><font face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">I am raising Syrphus ribesii larvae and am keeping each larvae individually in small glass / plastic test tubes and provide them with
a small leaf and lots of fresh aphids every day. I clean the tubes every day, and use damp cotton wool to plug the ends of the tube. They are kept at 70% humidity, 16:8 hours light: dark.</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36pt"><font face="Tahoma" size="2"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">1. My larvae are now 6 days old and I need to know if they have any requirements for successful development into pupae</span></font> -
do they require something to stick too or do they need to hang upside down etc. Also should I need to keep them moist throughout their pupae stage?
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36pt"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">2. I have recently had many (less than 25%) of different age classes turn black and die. It appears on first glance like they have not discharged
their gut... but I have no idea. Does anyone recognise these symptoms or could provide advice or keeping more alive?</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36pt"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Thanks,</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36pt"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Matt Perkins</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36pt"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">PhD Researcher</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36pt"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Center for Ecology & Conservation</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36pt"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">University</span></font> of Exeter,</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN-LEFT: 36pt"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Cornwall</span></font> Campus</p>
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