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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Dear Matt (& Chris), Re your queries
about rearing aphidophagous larvae, I have reared many species over the years.
Under the rearing conditions Matt describes, you shouldn’t have any
particular problems. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>However, I know well the dead ‘blackened’
larvae you have encountered. Some mortality is to be expected in cultures
and there is nothing special you can do to prevent it, other than carrying on
and hoping the proportion dying remains small. The main dangers to larvae
in culture are desiccation and the quality and quantity of prey. Use of
damp cotton wool plugs should ensure there is enough (& not too much) moisture
in your tubes and providing small to medium sized aphids until larvae have
reached the 3<sup>rd</sup> stage when they will take a wider range of prey
sizes, should be OK. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Not all aphid species are suitable even
for a polyphagous species like S. ribesii, and although you don’t mention
what aphid species you are offering, I assume that is something you are aware
of. Also switching between aphid species presented as prey can
sometimes cause mortality and should be avoided. Larvae, especially small
ones, are obviously more vulnerable and require care in handling, i.e. use a brush
to move them about rather than tweezers or forceps. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>After larvae have finished feeding and emptied
the hind gut, they are best removed to clean tubes and gently wrapped in slightly
moistened tissue paper. Tubes should be stored in cool, dark conditions.
Depending on time of year, it will be 2-3 weeks before adults appear or larvae
will aestivate for several weeks or hibernate for several months. The
tissue paper should be replaced every few weeks to prevent fungal infection.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Hope this is helpful.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>All best wishes,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Graham<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Graham E Rotheray</span></font><font
color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>National Museums Collection Centre</span></font><font
color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:Street w:st="on"><st1:address w:st="on"><font size=2
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color:navy'>, </span></font><font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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color:navy'>Edinburgh</span></font></st1:place></st1:City><font size=2
color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
color:navy'> EH5 1JA</span></font><font color=navy><span style='color:navy'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Tel 0131 247 4243</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold'>From:</span></font></b><font size=2
face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>
syrphidae-bounces@lists.nottingham.ac.uk
[mailto:syrphidae-bounces@lists.nottingham.ac.uk] <b><span style='font-weight:
bold'>On Behalf Of </span></b>Bergh, Chris<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Sent:</span></b> 27 June 2010 13:57<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>To:</span></b> 'Hoverfly discussion list'<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Subject:</span></b> [Syrphidae] RE: Raising Syrphus
larvae</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Matt,</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'> </span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>I have had this experience with larvae of
Heringia calcarata. It has been sporadic and unpredictable, but like you, I
would be interested to know if anyone has an explanation.</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'> </span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Cheers - Chris</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'> </span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Chris Bergh</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Associate Professor of Entomology</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>540-869-2560 ext. 32</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=navy face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:navy'> </span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt'><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>-----Original Message-----<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>From:</span></b>
syrphidae-bounces@lists.nottingham.ac.uk
[mailto:syrphidae-bounces@lists.nottingham.ac.uk] <b><span style='font-weight:
bold'>On Behalf Of </span></b>Perkins, Matthew<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Sent:</span></b> Sunday, June 27, 2010 8:28
AM<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>To:</span></b>
syrphidae@lists.nottingham.ac.uk<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Subject:</span></b> [Syrphidae] Raising
Syrphus larvae</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt'><font size=2 color=black
face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>Good
afternoon,</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt'><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>I could do with some advice on my
hoverflies! Thanks already for those who have already offered much useful
advice on my first PhD experiemnt examining food chain lengths... this
email list has proved invaluable.</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt'><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>I have two new querries though if
anyone could help: </span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt'><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>I am raising Syrphus
ribesii larvae and am keeping each larvae individually in small glass /
plastic test tubes and provide them with a small leaf and lots of
fresh aphids every day. I clean the tubes every day, and use damp
cotton wool to plug the ends of the tube. They are kept at 70% humidity, 16:8
hours light: dark.</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt'><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>1. My larvae are now 6 days old and
I need to know if they have any requirements for successful development
into pupae</span></font> - do they require something to stick too or
do they need to hang upside down etc. Also should I need to keep them moist
throughout their pupae stage? <o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>2. I have recently had
many (less than 25%) of different age classes turn black and die. It appears on
first glance like they have not discharged their gut... but I have no
idea. Does anyone recognise these symptoms or could provide advice or keeping
more alive?<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Thanks,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Matt Perkins<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>PhD Researcher<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Center for Ecology &
Conservation<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt'><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceType
w:st="on"><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>University</span></font></st1:PlaceType>
of <st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Exeter</st1:PlaceName></st1:place>,<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
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<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:36.0pt'><st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place
w:st="on"><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Cornwall</span></font></st1:place></st1:City>
Campus<o:p></o:p></p>
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face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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