<div dir="ltr"><p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:black">October 10, 2023</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:black"> </span><span style="color:black;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";font-size:12pt">Double Duty Dollars: Educate Mothers to Improve The Educability of Children</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:black"> </span><span style="color:black;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";font-size:12pt">Tom Sticht, International Consultant in Adult Education (Ret.)</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:black">During</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> National Adult Education and Family Literacy Week 2023 several adult educators discussed with U. S. Senators the link between adult literacy and economic opportunity. Senator Susan Collins said that, “</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:rgb(67,71,81)">Low levels of adult literacy pose significant economic challenges for our nation. Research shows that a mother’s education level is the greatest determinant of her children’s future academic success, outweighing other factors like family income.” </span><a href="https://allinliteracy.org/all-in-and-engage-brief-u-s-senate-on-adult-literacys-link-to-economic-opportunity/" target="_blank"><b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">https://allinliteracy.org/all-in-and-engage-brief-u-s-senate-on-adult-literacys-link-to-economic-opportunity/</span></b></a></p><p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;line-height:normal"><b><u><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="text-decoration-line:none"> </span></span></u></b><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";font-size:12pt">Getting Double Duty Dollars</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> </span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";font-size:12pt">Between 1990 and 2023 when Senator Collins called attention to the important role of mother’s education in the academic success of her children, the idea of the intergenerational transfer of literacy from parents to their children as getting “double duty dollars” was spread across several regions of the world. A sampling of the spread of this idea follows.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> </span><b><u><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">ASIA-PACIFIC REGION</span></u></b></p><p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;line-height:normal"><b><u><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Saipan</span></u></b></p><p style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:rgb(35,30,32);background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial">Saipan Tribune (2003): “Giving emphasis on adult education will result in “large inter-generational payoff” and significant savings for the government, according to visiting international consultant Thomas Sticht. “It's what I call 'double duty dollars' because every dollar you spend on adult education, say a mother, will double or more than double in value because she will certainly educate her children.” Online at: </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a href="https://www.saipantribune.com/news/local/flashback---dec-2002-dec-2004/article_f043178d-4b49-582c-9ecb-ff009644ef73.html" target="_blank">https://www.saipantribune.com/news/local/flashback---dec-2002-dec-2004/article_f043178d-4b49-582c-9ecb-ff009644ef73.html</a><span style="color:rgb(35,30,32);background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial"></span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;line-height:normal"><b><u><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> Australia</span></u></b></p><p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;line-height:normal"><b><u><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="text-decoration-line:none"> </span></span></u></b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Brown (2020), advocating for adult education, wrote, “</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Adults who learn have a positive impact on their families, too. …Sticht (2001) referred to this as <i>‘double duty dollars’</i> meaning that ‘when we invest in the education of adults we may get multiple returns – in other words, teach an adult, especially a mother, and children will also learn better.”  Online at: <a href="https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1257157.pdf" target="_blank">https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1257157.pdf</a></span></p><p style="line-height:normal"><b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> </span></b><b><u><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">New Zealand</span></u></b></p><p style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:rgb(17,22,23);background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial">November 1,2001. In a New Zealand Herald interview with Dr. Thomas Sticht, following his presentation at a New Zealand National Meeting of Workforce Literacy he  said, “As well as improving productivity in the workplace and boosting self-esteem, investing in adult literacy rubbed off on the children of workers, because their parents started reading to them at home.It is another use of our dollars - they become “double-duty dollars," he said.”                                           </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">                                          Online at: </span><a href="https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/literacy-barrier-leaving-us-shorthanded-expert/6MNSRMPJEQTW7YIJYV6YNSE2NE/" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/literacy-barrier-leaving-us-shorthanded-expert/6MNSRMPJEQTW7YIJYV6YNSE2NE/</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;vertical-align:baseline"><b><u><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">NORTH AMERICA</span></u></b></p><p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;vertical-align:baseline"><b><u><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="text-decoration-line:none"> </span></span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Canada</span></u></b></p><p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;vertical-align:baseline"> <b><i><u><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">National Academy of Education meeting in Toronto, Ontario, 1980</span></u></i></b></p><p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Presentation by Tom Sticht:  “It may well be that a commitment to the continued development of youth and adults, that matches our commitment to the remediation of their children in pre-school and elementary school programs, would pay double rewards. Through education of the adults, we might also improve the educability of their children.”</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:black">Online at: </span><a href="https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED262201.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED262201.pdf</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:black"></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0.25in;line-height:normal;vertical-align:baseline"><b><i><u><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:rgb(51,51,51)"><span style="text-decoration-line:none"> </span></span></u></i></b><b><i><u><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:rgb(51,51,51)">Movement for Canadian Literacy   Factsheet                                                           </span></u></i></b><span style="background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:black">The children of more highly educated mothers are better prepared with knowledge, oral language and literacy skills when they enter formal schooling. (Sticht, 1997)  …Every dollar spent on family and intergenerational literacy programs does "double duty" supporting early childhood development as well as adult basic education. Online at: </span><a href="http://en.copian.ca/library/research/mcl/factsht/families/page1.htm" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">http://en.copian.ca/library/research/mcl/factsht/families/page1.htm</span></a></p><p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;line-height:normal;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial;vertical-align:baseline"><a href="https://brigidhayes.wordpress.com/2023/08/24/the-case-for-literacy/" target="_blank"><b><i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:black;border:1pt none windowtext;padding:0in">The Case for Literacy</span></i></b></a><b><i><u><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:black;border:1pt none windowtext;padding:0in"> </span></u></i></b><b><i><u><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:rgb(119,119,119);border:1pt none windowtext;padding:0in">by Brigid Hayes </span></u></i></b><a href="https://brigidhayes.wordpress.com/2023/08/24/the-case-for-literacy/" title="3:24 pm" target="_blank"><b><i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:rgb(119,119,119);border:1pt none windowtext;padding:0in">August 24, 2023</span></i></b></a><b><i><u><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:rgb(119,119,119)"> <span style="border:1pt none windowtext;padding:0in"></span></span></u></i></b></p><p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;line-height:normal;vertical-align:baseline"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:rgb(51,51,51)">A few months ago, The Canada West Foundation published a report, <span style="border:1pt none windowtext;padding:0in">The Case for Literacy in Canada: Life is hard when you can’t read. …</span> However, a statement in the report has raised eye brows: “…the most effective and efficient ways to reduce the cost of low literacy, both in dollar and human costs, are to provide literacy materials and supports early in the lives of children.” This contrasts with what Thomas Sticht has called “double duty dollars”, that is, funding adult literacy education improves the literacy levels of the adults and the educational outcomes of their children. Online at: </span><a href="https://brigidhayes.wordpress.com/2023/08/24/the-case-for-literacy/" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">https://brigidhayes.wordpress.com/2023/08/24/the-case-for-literacy/</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:rgb(51,51,51)"></span></p><p style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:rgb(51,51,51)"> </span><b><u><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">United States</span></u></b></p><p style="margin-bottom:0.25in;line-height:normal;vertical-align:baseline"><b><i><u><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Adult Education in </span></u></i></b><b><i><u><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:black">Pittsburgh, PA                                                                                                                            </span></u></i></b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:black">Referring to Don Block, former director of Literacy Pittsburgh, Whipple (2018) says, “</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:rgb(51,51,51);background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial">A colleague of Block’s described adult education as “double-duty dollars.”... Family literacy programs …becomes a kind of parenting education as well as literacy,” says Block. “Now they’re learning how to play and teach their child.”  Online at:                                                                                                                </span><a href="https://www.pittsburghmagazine.com/what-does-adult-education-look-like-in-pittsburgh/" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">https://www.pittsburghmagazine.com/what-does-adult-education-look-like-in-pittsburgh/</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:rgb(51,51,51)"></span></p><p style="line-height:normal"><b><i><u><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">United States Congressional Hearings Citing Double Duty Dollars                            </span></u></i></b></p><p style="line-height:normal"><b><i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">The National Coalition for Literacy (NCL)                                                                     </span></i></b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Hearings Before a Subcommittee on the Departments  of Labor, Health, and Human Services, Education and Related Agencies.. The National Coalition for Literacy May 13 , 2003.. If our nation is to meet the challenge of the changing global economy, …it will have to invest substantially more in adult education …Adult education researcher, Thomas Sticht asserts that the federal government can get double duty dollars by … focusing on the intergenerational transfer of cognitive skills and functional context education … His paper (attached) explains how this can be accomplished”  Online at: <a href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Departments_of_Labor_Health_and_Human_Se/HD-b8YoAxngC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=The+National+Coalition+for+Literacy+(NCL)+Hearings+Before+a+Subcommittee+on+the+Departments+of+Labor,+Health,+and+Human+Services,+Education+and+Related+Agencies..+The+National+Coalition+for+Literacy+May+13+,+2003..&pg=PA1371&printsec=frontcover" target="_blank">https://www.google.com/books/edition/Departments_of_Labor_Health_and_Human_Se/HD-b8YoAxngC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=The+National+Coalition+for+Literacy+(NCL)+Hearings+Before+a+Subcommittee+on+the+Departments+of+Labor,+Health,+and+Human+Services,+Education+and+Related+Agencies..+The+National+Coalition+for+Literacy+May+13+,+2003..&pg=PA1371&printsec=frontcover</a></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> </span><b><i><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:black">National Council of State Directors of Adult Education</span></i></b></p><p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:black">Statement of Dr. Randy Whitfield, chairperson of the National Council of State Directors of Adult Education in </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">hearings before the Subcommittee on 21^st Century Competitiveness of the Committee on Education and the Workforce, … March 4 2003. Mr. Chairman…</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:black">When you teach an adult, according to reading expert Dr. Tom Sticht, you get ``double duty dollars,'' because your money helps the parent learn, who, in turn, helps the child learn.  If you leave no adult behind, you will definitely leave no child behind.”</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;line-height:normal"><a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-108hhrg86682/html/CHRG-108hhrg86682.htm" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-108hhrg86682/html/CHRG-108hhrg86682.htm</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:black"></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> </span><b><u><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">THE BRITISH ISLES</span></u></b></p><p><b><i><u><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">United Kingdom</span></u></i></b></p><p><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Alan Tuckett Inaugural Professorial Lecture, 7 October 2015, University of Wolverhampton.</span></p><p style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">“There is powerful evidence that adult learning has positive health effects, prolongs active life and shortens the period of morbidity. … Adults who learn have a positive impact on their families, too: in what the American academic Tom Sticht called a double duty dollar. Teach an adult, but especially a mother, and children will learn better, too (Sticht, 2001). Online at: <a href="https://issuu.com/unionlearn/docs/jesus_and_history_and_thunder_and_l" target="_blank">https://issuu.com/unionlearn/docs/jesus_and_history_and_thunder_and_l</a></span></p><p style="line-height:normal"><b><i><u><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Ireland</span></u></i></b></p><p style="line-height:normal"><b><i><u><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">National Adult Literacy Agency                                                                                                    </span></u></i></b><u><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Dugan (2009): …<b> </b></span></u><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">policy aimed at increasing parents’ basic skills may have large effects on children’s learning. … as one US authority on intergenerational effects of literacy observes (Sticht 2008) If we could find ways to provide education for adults we might get “double duty dollars”. We pay for the adults’ education, and we get improved education for both the adults and their children.’ </span>Onlline at: <a href="https://www.nala.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/A-cost-benefit-analysis-of-adult-literacy-training-research-report-2009.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial">https://www.nala.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/A-cost-benefit-analysis-of-adult-literacy-training-research-report-2009.pdf</span></a><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""></span></p><p style="line-height:normal"><b><u><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">EUROPE                                                                                                                                        </span></u></b></p><p style="line-height:normal"><b><u><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Geneva, Switzerland                                                                                                                              </span></u></b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Literacy Across Generations. It is the thesis of this paper that …money spent on the education of women … produce 'double duty' effects. Monies spent on the education of women contribute not only to the development of the women, but also to the educational participation and achievement of their children.<b>” </b>Sticht, T. & McDonald, B. (1990). Teach the Mother and Reach the Child: Literacy across Generations. Literacy Lessons. International Bureau of Education, Geneva (Switzerland). Online at: <a href="https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED321063.pdf" target="_blank">https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED321063.pdf</a><b><u></u></b></span></p><p style="line-height:normal"><b><i><u><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Paris, France</span></u></i></b></p><p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Speaking  at UNESCO’s World Symposium on Family Literacy in Paris in 1994 I touched on  ideas about mother’s education and the intergenerational influence this has on their children’s educational achievement; ideas  expressed so well by Senator Collins above. At UNESCO House I noted that<span style="background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial"> “…</span></span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";font-size:12pt">It has long been recognized that the level of education of the parents, and especially mothers, can have a positive effect on the education of children</span><b>…</b><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><b>f</b>unds invested in well designed programmes are ‘double duty dollars’ that yield benefits to both parents and children.<b> </b>Governments …should know that they can obtain multiplier effects for their investments in adult literacy education. … by investing in the education of adults, they can improve the education of children”. Online at:</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:rgb(67,71,81)"></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;line-height:normal"></p><p style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><a href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000117073/PDF/117073engo.pdf.multi" target="_blank">https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000117073/PDF/117073engo.pdf.multi</a></span></p><font color="#888888"><p style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""> </span></p></font></div><div id="DAB4FAD8-2DD7-40BB-A1B8-4E2AA1F9FDF2"><br><table style="border-top:1px solid #d3d4de"><tr><td style="width:55px;padding-top:13px"><a href="https://www.avast.com/sig-email?utm_medium=email&utm_source=link&utm_campaign=sig-email&utm_content=webmail" target="_blank"><img src="https://s-install.avcdn.net/ipm/preview/icons/icon-envelope-tick-round-orange-animated-no-repeat-v1.gif" alt="" width="46" height="29" style="width: 46px; height: 29px;"></a></td><td style="width:470px;padding-top:12px;color:#41424e;font-size:13px;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;line-height:18px">Virus-free.<a href="https://www.avast.com/sig-email?utm_medium=email&utm_source=link&utm_campaign=sig-email&utm_content=webmail" target="_blank" style="color:#4453ea">www.avast.com</a></td></tr></table><a href="#DAB4FAD8-2DD7-40BB-A1B8-4E2AA1F9FDF2" width="1" height="1"></a></div>