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<p class="MsoNormal">HI,<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">SEE MY COMMENTS IN CAPS BELOW.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">GOOD CONVERSATION GOING. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Carol D. Lee, Ph.D. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Edwina S. Tarry Professor Emerita<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">School of Education and Social Policy<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Northwestern University<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Member, National Academy of Education<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Fellow, American Educational Research Association<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Fellow, National Conference on Language and Literacy<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">President, National Academy of Education<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Member, Reading Hall of Fame<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Fellow, International Society of the Learning. Sciences<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> <o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div style="border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">From: </span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">"David P. Reinking" <David.Reinking@uga.edu><br>
<b>Date: </b>Monday, November 22, 2021 at 12:36 PM<br>
<b>To: </b>Carol Lee <cdlee@northwestern.edu>, reading hall of fame <Reading-hall-of-fame@lists.nottingham.ac.uk><br>
<b>Subject: </b>Re: [Reading-hall-of-fame] Re: Toward Improving Reading by Age 17<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Thanks for sharing, Carol. The perspectives you and other HofF members bring through direct involvement with NAEP are especially important and relevant.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Could you, or others, clarify, elaborate, or rebut the following:
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<ul style="margin-top:0in" type="disc">
<li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1">If foundational skills are assessed at the 4<sup>th</sup>-grade level and comprehension is increasingly central to assessment at the two higher levels, is it appropriate to compare
trends across levels. I think your point is that the lack of attention to understanding and developing reading comprehension (and the difficulty in assessing its full dimensions) accounts for the less robust scores for 17 yr olds, which would be an explanation
for Tom’s original observation. <o:p></o:p></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal">I DON’T SEE A PROBLEM WITH COMPARING TRENDS ACROSS TIME . THE POINT IS THAT EVEN IF YOU COMPARE TRENDS WITHIN GRADE LEVELS OVER TIME, THE STORY IS THE SAME.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<ul style="margin-top:0in" type="disc">
<li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1">Isn’t including person-level factors tacit acknowledgement that there are factors influencing scores that are less amenable to direct instruction (as you note, “goals, motivation,
engagement, and effort”—also related to Tim’s point)? As an aside, is the intent of NAEP shifting from being a snapshot of national achievement to being more diagnostic. <o:p></o:p></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal">NO. IT’S EXACTLY THE OPPOSITE. JOHN GUTHRIE MAY WANT TO WEIGH IN HERE. THE PERSON LEVEL FACTORS IDENTIFIED IN THE PROPOSED 2026 FRAMEWORK ARE ONES THAT ARE INDEED MALLEABLE; THAT IS THEY CAN BE SUPPORTED AND DEVELOPED IN THE CONTEXTS
OF SCHOOLING. ALSO THERE ARE NO EFFORTS TO TURN NAEP INTO A DIAGNOSTIC TOOL, IN PART BECAUSE IT DOES NOT REPORT ON INDIVIDUALS. RATHER THE IDEA IS THAT IF WE EXPAND THE SCOPE OF WHAT IS REPORTED, THE IMPLICATIONS ARE ACTIONABLE. GOALS, ,MOTIVATION, ENGAGEMENT
AND EFFORT ARE NOT SIMPLY STABLE INTERNAL TRAITS OF INDIVIDUALS. WE ALL HAVE EXPERIENCES OF BEING MOTIVATED AND ENGAGED IN ONE CONTEXT AND DISENGAGED IN ANOTHER. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERSON LEVEL FACTORS AND THE ORGANIZATION OF SETTINGS MATTER.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<ul style="margin-top:0in" type="disc">
<li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1">Does Colin’s point about the differences in doing math and doing comprehension (and the lack of assessments that inform the latter, as you noted and Moddy emphasized) weaken the causal
link between instructional interventions and raising the scores of 17 yr olds? <o:p></o:p></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal">NO. MY POINT IS THAT IN MATHEMATICS, THE EDUCATIONAL COMMUNITY IS MUCH CLEARER ABOUT PROCESSES AND FORMS OF REPRESENTATION ENTAILED IN PROBLEM SOLVING THAN WE ARE AROUND READING COMPREHENSION. IF, FOR EXAMPLE, WE THINK ABOUT COMPREHENDING
AND INTERPRETING LITERARY TEXTS (MY FIELD OF INTEREST AND EXPERTISE), LOOKING AT THE WORK OF LITERARY CRITICS, THE WORK CARRIED OUT IN UNIVERSITY ENGLISH DEPARTMENTS, MAKE EXPLICIT PATHWAYS FOR IDENTIFYING THE RANGE OF PROBLEMS READERS WILL MEET, STRATEGIES
FOR IDENTIFYING AND INTERPRETING THOSE PROBLEMS, AND THE RANGE OF ACCEPTED AND CONTESTED WARRANTS FOR MAKING JUDGEMENTS. PETER RABINOWITZ’S BEFORE READING IS A GOOD EXAMPLE. HOWEVER, THIS WORK DOES NOT TRANSLATE INTO STANDARDS USED BY SCHOOLS OR PRACTICES
IN COMMERCIAL CURRICULA.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<ul style="margin-top:0in" type="disc">
<li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1">In what sense can NAEP scores either in any particular year or across years be described as in “gross decline”??? Is that something that is obvious and about which there can be no
disagreement?<o:p></o:p></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal">HOW GROSS IS DEFINED IS PARTLY A STATISTICAL QUESTION. I AM LOOKING AT THE BROAD CATEGORIES OF PROFICIENT AND ABOVE. I AM NOT IMPRESSED BY THE REPORTS OF STUDENTS GAINING 2 OR 3 POINTS IN A GIVEN YEAR.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<ul style="margin-top:0in" type="disc">
<li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1">What social supports mitigate the influence of poverty in some countries’ scores on the PISA? Are supports in-school, out-of-school, both, societal, etc.? Deep professional learning
is cited, but what would that entail in the US? The Reading First studies were a large-scale attempt to among other things promote “deep professional learning,” but with mostly disappointing results, especially in relation to comprehension. Cultural repertoires,
as your and others’ work has shown, can certainly mitigate the heavy weight of outside-of-school factors, but how much? Is there a risk that overstating its role might feed perceptions that schools and teachers can override virtually every societal disadvantage
and that they have no excuses for failing to move all students to at least a “proficient” level? Not to mention the risk of diverting attention from addressing underlying social inequities more directly. These issues may not be trivial in light of NAEP’s
political ambitions. <o:p></o:p></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal">WHY IS US ONE OF THE ONLY. COUNTRIES IN THE INDUSTRIALIZED WORLD TO NOT PROVIDE FOR FREE UNIVERSAL PRE-K, UNIVERSAL ACCESS TO QUALITY RELATIVELY OR AT LEAST LOW COST HEALTH CARE? WHY DO PEOPLE COME INTO TEACHING IN FINLAND BY FIRST HAVING
A MASTER’S DEGREE THAT IS PAID FOR BY THE GOVERNMENT? WHY IS IT THAT TEACHERS IN HIGH ACHIEVING NATIONS DO NOT SPEND AS MUCH TIME IN DIRECT INSTRUCTION IN CLASSROOMS BUT HAVE SIGNIFICANT TIME IN THEIR DAY FOR PROFESSIONAL LEARNING? THE PISA REPORTS ON SOCIAL
DISPARITIES MAKE VERY CLEAR WHAT OTHER COUNTRIES DO THAT WE DO NOT IN THE U.S. <o:p>
</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">WITH REGARD TO SOCIETAL DISADVANGE – IT IS VERY IMPORTANT THAT WE UNDERSTAND AGENCY, RESILIENCE AND HETEROGENEITY WITHIN COMMUNITIES WHO EXPERIENCE PERSISTENT INTER-GENERATIONAL POVERTY AND WHO MUST WRESTLE WITH STRUCTURAL INEQUITIES.
IF POVERTY WERE THE FINAL ARBITER OF RESILIENCE, THE VIRUSES WOULD BE RULING THE WORLD (THEY ARE CERTAINLY GIVING US COMPETITION) BECAUSE THE MAJORITY OF HUMAN BEINGS ACROSS THE EARTH LIVE IN POVERTY.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<ul style="margin-top:0in" type="disc">
<li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1">Given that proficiency levels are essentially arbitrary, are they the most valid basis for interpreting trends either within or across disciplines?<o:p></o:p></li></ul>
<p class="MsoListParagraph"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in">THEY MAY NOT BE. BUT THESE CHALLENGES ARE STILL NOT AN EXCUSE FOR WHY WE ARE WHERE WE ARE.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">David R<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div style="border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">From: </span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"><reading-hall-of-fame-bounces@lists.nottingham.ac.uk> on behalf of Carol D Lee <cdlee@northwestern.edu><br>
<b>Date: </b>Monday, November 22, 2021 at 1:07 AM<br>
<b>To: </b>David Olson <david.olson@utoronto.ca>, P Pearson <ppearson@berkeley.edu>, Thomas Sticht <tgsticht@gmail.com>, reading hall of fame <Reading-hall-of-fame@lists.nottingham.ac.uk><br>
<b>Subject: </b>[Reading-hall-of-fame] Re: Toward Improving Reading by Age 17<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><span style="color:#BA0C2F">[EXTERNAL SENDER - PROCEED CAUTIOUSLY]</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">HI All,<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">First thanks to Tom for raising this conundrum. I think it is a topic worthy of some formal discussion within the Reading Hall of Fame.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The following members are part of either the vision or developmental panels or staff engaged in preparing recommendations for the Reading 2026 NAEP Framework:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<ul style="margin-top:0in" type="disc">
<li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2">David Pearson<o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2">Peter Afflerbach<o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2">John Guthrie<o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2">Georgia Garcia<o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2">Kathleen Hinchman<o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2">Me<o:p></o:p></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I list them as they may want to weigh in on this discussion/dilemma.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I think it is informative to compare growth in rates of proficient or above in mathematics versus reading, including within these content areas proficiency levels across grades. Bottom line, our mathematics education colleagues have figured
out how to accomplish significant shifts in proficiency over the decades, shifts that hold across grade levels – even though 12<sup>th</sup> grade math proficient and above scores are lower than in grades 4 and 8, but even these are higher than in reading
comprehension.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I have theorized about this before. First, I suspect children in grade 4 outperform students in later grades in large part because 4<sup>th</sup> grade theoretically culminates their preparation in terms of foundational skills. As Pearson,
Valencia and others have argued, complexity of comprehension tasks evolve in complexity based on relations between the comprehension demands of texts, the demands of tasks, and the resources that readers bring. These reader resources include knowledge along
multiple dimensions as well as perceptions that influence goals, motivation, engagement and effort and as these perceptions unfold in terms of micro-level processes that characterize the settings in which comprehension tasks are carried out. The 2026 Framework
explicitly seeks to design NAEP to gather data on the person level factors, factors that are malleable and that can be addressed in the context of schooling. In addition, the proposed 2026 framework calls for disaggregating both proficiency levels as well
as contextual factors by SES within race/ethnicity and gender groups. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The other major challenge is that we do not have standards or commercial curricula that (1) provide guidance to support teachers in identifying the sources of text complexity in readings they assign (2) identify specific generic as well
as discipline specific strategies for tackling sources of text complexity. In addition, we do not have assessments that provide any insights into how students go about making sense of texts. In instruction and assessments, we are for outcomes of comprehension
and not processes of comprehension. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It is my belief that these shortcomings in the field itself substantively account for the decline in levels of proficiency across the grades. Across grades, texts and tasks become more complex and instructional supports for processes
of comprehension decline. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">With regard to non-school factors – race/ethnicity, SES – I vehemently do not believe any such factors in themselves account for both the gross decline across grades along with the persistent differences in proficiency levels associated
with race/ethnicity and SES. There is an abundance of research – including much by Hall of Fame members – documenting the intellective functions of cultural repertoires of practice in communities, repertoires that are not taken up in schooling. In addition,
there is much to learn from international assessments, specifically the PISA reports on social conditions where they document those countries in which poverty is not the primary predictor of achievement. It is not the case from these PISA reports that poverty
does not matter. Rather it is the case that social supports to moderate impacts of poverty along with supports for deep professional learning for practitioners moderate the impacts of poverty. Linda Darling Hammond in The Flat World and Education also clearly
documents this. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Bottom line, processes of reading comprehension are much more complex that our standards, assessments, or commercial curricula represent. Relationships between procedures and concepts in mathematics are well articulated. Such relationships
are not sufficiently articulated for the world of practice with regard to reading comprehension, particularly comprehension in the content areas. For example, in reading texts in history – largely primary source documents – the field has articulated history
specific processes, except those processes are largely focused on evaluating reliability of sources, but not how to tackle sources of complexity within and across the array of genres of primary source documents.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In addition, reading comprehension – as with any other set of cognitive processes – must be informed by what we understand about human learning and development, namely that cognitive processes are never simply cognitive.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">So my 2 cents. But I do think it is a worthwhile adventure for the Reading Hall of Fame to take up these conundrums formally. The field needs this conversation.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Carol<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Carol D. Lee, Ph.D. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Edwina S. Tarry Professor Emerita<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">School of Education and Social Policy<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Northwestern University<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Member, National Academy of Education<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Fellow, American Educational Research Association<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Fellow, National Conference on Language and Literacy<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">President, National Academy of Education<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Member, Reading Hall of Fame<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Fellow, International Society of the Learning. Sciences<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">From: </span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"><reading-hall-of-fame-bounces@lists.nottingham.ac.uk> on behalf of David Olson <david.olson@utoronto.ca><br>
<b>Date: </b>Sunday, November 21, 2021 at 9:25 PM<br>
<b>To: </b>"P. David Pearson" <ppearson@berkeley.edu>, Thomas Sticht <tgsticht@gmail.com><br>
<b>Cc: </b>reading hall of fame <Reading-hall-of-fame@lists.nottingham.ac.uk><br>
<b>Subject: </b>[Reading-hall-of-fame] Re: Toward Improving Reading by Age 17<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="color:black">The high school test measures a quite different competence, essentially a special literary register.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color:black">From:</span></b><span style="color:black"> reading-hall-of-fame-bounces@lists.nottingham.ac.uk <reading-hall-of-fame-bounces@lists.nottingham.ac.uk> on behalf of P Pearson <ppearson@berkeley.edu><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Sunday, November 21, 2021 6:42:25 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> Thomas Sticht <tgsticht@gmail.com><br>
<b>Cc:</b> reading hall of fame <Reading-hall-of-fame@lists.nottingham.ac.uk><br>
<b>Subject:</b> [Reading-hall-of-fame] Re: Toward Improving Reading by Age 17</span>
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<span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#212121">You don't often get email from ppearson@berkeley.edu.
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:white">What inferences would we draw from other large data bases of 12th grade readers, such as state tests scores where the scores count for something at the level of the individual reader. Or better yes something like
SBAC which may be able to aggregate across </span>states? Or even the large norming samples from standardized tests for older readers, like the Nelson Denny. Testing companies should be able to do trend analysis of their own tests over time, right?
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<p class="MsoNormal">On Sun, Nov 21, 2021 at 2:54 PM Thomas Sticht <<a href="mailto:tgsticht@gmail.com">tgsticht@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">David, tim and All: As I mentioned earlier, I have been puzzled by why there has been growth in average reading scores on the NAEP tests at grades 4 and 8, but not grade 12. Tim has suggested that loss of concern about scoring well may
have some invoice on this finding. The information he provides may be a contributing factor to the lack of increases in 12th grade scores over the last half century.
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<p class="MsoNormal">I earlier noticed that scores at the 4th and 8th grades seem to have increased over the last half century, and David calls attention to the importance of background factors that may have played some role in preventing increases in the 12th
grade scores. However, these background factors seem to have been overcome in the 4th and 8th grades where systematic increases have been observed over time. <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">As of the present time, I don't know of any systematic research into just why test scores at the 12th grade level (17 year olds) have not shown some increase too. i don't think asking about this puts any blame on anyone, but it does indicate
a lack of understanding that just might help improve the reading abilities of those young people who are aiming to graduate, find good work or go to college and later get a good job.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">I'm wondering if there is a loss of reading levels during the pademic which might indicate relative influence of school and home influences on literacy?<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Tom Sticht<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">On Sat, Nov 20, 2021 at 4:52 PM David Reinking <<a href="mailto:reinkin@clemson.edu" target="_blank">reinkin@clemson.edu</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="xmsonormal">Tom, Thanks for again providing an opportunity to consider interpretations of flat NAEP scores, a topic discussed on this list about 3 years ago in response to another of your reflective postings.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="xmsonormal"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="xmsonormal">One interpretation suggested in that previous discussion was that flat test scores might be viewed positively as “holding our own” in the face of greater challenges created by changing demographics (e.g., more linguistic and cultural diversity)
and greater economic disparities. Berliner (2014) has pointed out that in-school factors, broadly in aggregate, account for roughly only 20% of differences in academic achievement, whereas out-of-school factors account for around 60% (e.g., family income;
medical care; level of food insecurity; language spoken at home; etc.). <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="xmsonormal"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="xmsonormal">It was also pointed out in that previous discussion too that, across decades, NAEP scores indicate some small, but encouraging, progress in closing the gap between more- and less-advantages students.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="xmsonormal"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="xmsonormal">Finally, it was pointed out that we should take care in suggesting that flat NAEP scores are an indictment of teachers, schools, or research. Legitimizing such interpretations provides ready ammunition for those who wish to lay blame
on teachers, schools, and teacher educators, giving dodge to addressing the more complex, difficult, and controversial social factors that inhibit higher achievement.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="xmsonormal"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="xmsonormal" style="margin-left:.5in">Berliner, D. (2014). Effects of inequality and poverty vs. teachers and schooling on America’s youth.
<i>Teachers College Record</i>, <i>115</i>(12).<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="xmsonormal"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="xmsonormal">David<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="xmsonormal"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="xmsonormal">David Reinking<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="xmsonormal">Adjunct Professor of Education<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="xmsonormal">Dept. of Language and Literacy Education<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="xmsonormal">Mary Frances Early College of Education<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="xmsonormal">University of Georgia<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="xmsonormal">David.Reinking @<a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/can01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http*3A*2F*2Fuga.edu*2F&data=04*7C01*7Cdavid.olson*40utoronto.ca*7Cbdff5e2e140c457002d608d9ad48a006*7C78aac2262f034b4d9037b46d56c55210*7C0*7C0*7C637731352135398428*7CUnknown*7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0*3D*7C1000&sdata=gKKCpxSlR3l8x7RRnINpCvv4kd4f8TCzGNK4BMVAWTY*3D&reserved=0__;JSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSU!!Dq0X2DkFhyF93HkjWTBQKhk!G412Dx23NdoeVMEOipiFL1cxWGd-72XaJ42njt2wn2ZEKkPQfXTSefWiPqb8E066COs$" target="_blank">uga.edu</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="xmsonormal"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/can01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https*3A*2F*2Furldefense.proofpoint.com*2Fv2*2Furl*3Fu*3Dhttps-3A__na01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com_-3Furl-3Dhttp-253A-252F-252Fwww.davidreinking.info-252F-26data-3D01-257C01-257Clg40-2540txstate.edu-257Cd43f2d8241584a0ca81608d50aa7b5c9-257Cb19c134a14c94d4caf65c420f94c8cbb-257C0-26sdata-3Dji-252FNnlYJBKtAbG0lEfttgJUZxsi6BinXvN1OaPMm5Uc-253D-26reserved-3D0*26d*3DDwMFAg*26c*3DNgd-ta5yRYsqeUsEDgxhcqsYYY1Xs5ogLxWPA_2Wlc4*26r*3DgUnMZ3Xw_juA4Q4q8MsCC_IKO_x_v_mImmv8TQcuKAs*26m*3DUedHPeoTlZDAK_Y35nsdvaZ1tvfVsAXM3l43vQNlACI*26s*3D5qWqgpYErOqlfng1rqjL41TgwAGTYZ6oMB15g45RwUc*26e*3D&data=04*7C01*7Cdavid.olson*40utoronto.ca*7Cbdff5e2e140c457002d608d9ad48a006*7C78aac2262f034b4d9037b46d56c55210*7C0*7C0*7C637731352135408425*7CUnknown*7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0*3D*7C1000&sdata=ldfbyohEYQAa3NjTlHnBcUQtvIDYz0dejAkY*2B0EzJ9o*3D&reserved=0__;JSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUl!!Dq0X2DkFhyF93HkjWTBQKhk!G412Dx23NdoeVMEOipiFL1cxWGd-72XaJ42njt2wn2ZEKkPQfXTSefWiPqb8ENktpg8$" target="_blank"><span style="color:#0563C1">http://www.davidreinking.info</span></a>/<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="xmsonormal"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/can01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http*3A*2F*2Forcid.org*2F0000-0001-8040-6673&data=04*7C01*7Cdavid.olson*40utoronto.ca*7Cbdff5e2e140c457002d608d9ad48a006*7C78aac2262f034b4d9037b46d56c55210*7C0*7C0*7C637731352135408425*7CUnknown*7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0*3D*7C1000&sdata=BD*2Ba7ARuzuBDKxPp0K8qbcP8NBhDliGz4*2BE6dFeyil0*3D&reserved=0__;JSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJQ!!Dq0X2DkFhyF93HkjWTBQKhk!G412Dx23NdoeVMEOipiFL1cxWGd-72XaJ42njt2wn2ZEKkPQfXTSefWiPqb8F6-etE8$" target="_blank">orcid.org/0000-0001-8040-6673</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="xmsonormal"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="xmsonormal"> <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="xmsonormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">From: </span>
</b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"><<a href="mailto:reading-hall-of-fame-bounces@lists.nottingham.ac.uk" target="_blank">reading-hall-of-fame-bounces@lists.nottingham.ac.uk</a>> on behalf of Thomas Sticht <<a href="mailto:tgsticht@gmail.com" target="_blank">tgsticht@gmail.com</a>><br>
<b>Date: </b>Thursday, November 18, 2021 at 11:48 AM<br>
<b>To: </b>reading hall of fame <<a href="mailto:Reading-hall-of-fame@lists.nottingham.ac.uk" target="_blank">Reading-hall-of-fame@lists.nottingham.ac.uk</a>><br>
<b>Subject: </b>[Reading-hall-of-fame] Toward Improving Reading by Age 17</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p style="color:rgba(0,0,0,0.87)"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Roboto">11/18/2021</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="color:rgba(0,0,0,0.87)"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Roboto">Can We Improve Reading By Age 17?</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="color:rgba(0,0,0,0.87)"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Roboto">Tom Sticht, International Consultant in Adult Literacy (Ret.)</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="color:rgba(0,0,0,0.87)"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Roboto">In 1984, following a six year gestation period, the first Handbook of Reading Research appeared. Edited by P. David Pearson and others and printed by Longman’s the 891 page
tome came in the wake of what Preface writer Robert Dykstra estimated as some 1000 pieces of published reading research arriving each year.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="color:rgba(0,0,0,0.87)"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Roboto">That same year of 1984, the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reported that the average reading score for 17 year old's was 289, up four points from when the
first NAEP score of 285 was recorded for 17 year old's 13 years earlier 1n 1971.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="color:rgba(0,0,0,0.87)"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Roboto">In 1991, the second Handbook of Reading Research, Vol. 2, now at over 1100 pages, was published by Longman’s with Rebecca Barr and others as editors. This time the preface observed
that, “Reading research, we found, moves at such a frenetic pace that between the moments of conceptualization and publication, particular fields of inquiry had risen to a level which justified a separate chapter. …There are fields that did not seem appropriate
as separate chapters then, but they do now.”</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="color:rgba(0,0,0,0.87)"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Roboto">In 1992, the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reported that the average reading score for 17 year old's was 290, up five points from when the first NAEP score
of 285 was recorded for this age group 21 years earlier in 1971.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="color:rgba(0,0,0,0.87)"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Roboto">In 2000, the third Handbook of Reading Research, Vol. 3, with some 1024 pages, was published by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates with Michael Kamil and others as editors. The Preface
notes that this third volume has two major themes: (1) broadening the definition of reading, and (2) broadening the reading research agenda.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="color:rgba(0,0,0,0.87)"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Roboto">Just a year earlier, in 1999, the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reported that the average reading score for 17 year old's was 288, down two points from
1992 but still up three points from when the first NAEP score of 285 was reported for 17 year old's in 1971.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="color:rgba(0,0,0,0.87)"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Roboto">In 2010, the fourth Handbook of Reading Research, Vol.4, with some 800 pages, was published by Routledge with Michael Kamil and others as editors. The Preface discusses efforts
by the federal government to try to improve instruction in reading and reports, “The National Reading Panel (NRP) reported that there were over 100,000 research studies produced between 1966 and 2000, with some 15,000 prior to that time. These numbers illustrate
the exponential growth in the research base stimulated by both research funding and urgent concern for improving reading instruction.”</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="color:rgba(0,0,0,0.87)"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Roboto"> In 2012, the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reported that the average reading score for 17 year old's was 287, down one point from 1999 but still up two
points from when the first NAEP score of 285 was recorded for this age group 41 years earlier in 1971.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="color:rgba(0,0,0,0.87)"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Roboto">In 2019, the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reported that the average reading score for 17 year old's was back down to 285, the same as it was when the first
NAEP test results were recorded for this age group 48 years earlier in 1971. The Nations Report Card in Reading for 2019 reported, “The average reading score for twelfth-grade students was lower in 2019 compared to the last assessment in 2015. The nearly 30-year
trend line shows that the 2019 average reading score for twelfth-graders was lower than it was approximately a decade ago in 2009, not significantly different from 2002, and lower than the first assessment year in 1992.” (<a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/can01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https*3A*2F*2Fwww.nationsreportcard.gov*2Fhighlights*2Freading*2F2019*2Fg12*2F&data=04*7C01*7Cdavid.olson*40utoronto.ca*7Cbdff5e2e140c457002d608d9ad48a006*7C78aac2262f034b4d9037b46d56c55210*7C0*7C0*7C637731352135418427*7CUnknown*7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0*3D*7C1000&sdata=dt*2F1l7gkcl*2FaL9RCknB5P*2BUXR9PA9CoMu0AqQAgpXDE*3D&reserved=0__;JSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUl!!Dq0X2DkFhyF93HkjWTBQKhk!G412Dx23NdoeVMEOipiFL1cxWGd-72XaJ42njt2wn2ZEKkPQfXTSefWiPqb89YD7p2k$" target="_blank">https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/highlights/reading/2019/g12/</a>).</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="color:rgba(0,0,0,0.87)"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Roboto"> In 2020, the fifth Handbook of Reading Research, Vol. 5, with 540 pages, was published by Routledge with <a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/can01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https*3A*2F*2Fwww.routledge.com*2Fsearch*3Fauthor*3DElizabeth*2520Birr*2520Moje&data=04*7C01*7Cdavid.olson*40utoronto.ca*7Cbdff5e2e140c457002d608d9ad48a006*7C78aac2262f034b4d9037b46d56c55210*7C0*7C0*7C637731352135418427*7CUnknown*7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0*3D*7C1000&sdata=oYqBNo1x0pOE3w4PXstQ4UK1aEJyBkHQqYqJx0PDt*2FM*3D&reserved=0__;JSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJQ!!Dq0X2DkFhyF93HkjWTBQKhk!G412Dx23NdoeVMEOipiFL1cxWGd-72XaJ42njt2wn2ZEKkPQfXTSefWiPqb8_8Rm5yA$" target="_blank"><span style="color:#2962FF">Elizabeth
Birr Moje</span></a> and others as editors. The Preface discusses gaps between what researchers do and know and what practitioners (e.g., teachers, administrators) need to know and do and asks, “Why do the findings of research so rarely find their way into
practice in any sustained or scaled way?”</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="color:rgba(0,0,0,0.87)"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Roboto">This is a good, if somewhat belated, question given the over 115,000 and more research studies before 2000 and hundreds if not thousands of research studies since 2000, five
volumes of Handbooks of Reading Research, a National Reading Panel report, federal investments of hundreds of millions of dollars in research and guidance in reading instructional practices, and decades of NAEP testing showing some modest gains in 4th and
8th grade reading scores but which seemingly disappear and result in an essentially flat line in reading performance of 17 year old's over the last half century.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="color:rgba(0,0,0,0.87)"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Roboto">If the NAEP assessments are valid indicators of how well these 17 year old, nearing adulthood teens can read, and if there has not been any improvement in their average reading
abilities in half a century, given the tremendous amounts of money that has been spent on trying to improve the teaching and learning of reading, we need to know why. The present revival of the so-called “reading wars” and “science of reading” indicates that
issues surrounding the teaching and learning of reading are still with us, and whether the findings of research rarely find their way into practice, or whether the research findings are not up to the task of improving practice is yet to be discovered.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="color:rgba(0,0,0,0.87)"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Roboto">Resources:</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="color:rgba(0,0,0,0.87)"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Roboto">Handbook of Reading Research, Vol. 5 <a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/can01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https*3A*2F*2Fwww.google.com*2Fbooks*2Fedition*2FHandbook_of_Reading_Research_Volume_V*2FCgPpDwAAQBAJ*3Fhl*3Den*26gbpv*3D1*26printsec*3Dfrontcover&data=04*7C01*7Cdavid.olson*40utoronto.ca*7Cbdff5e2e140c457002d608d9ad48a006*7C78aac2262f034b4d9037b46d56c55210*7C0*7C0*7C637731352135428415*7CUnknown*7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0*3D*7C1000&sdata=P0G*2BxAa9tirj1u9IvDKmrXUCgjewp*2Bh4XmuPz8sDyac*3D&reserved=0__;JSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJQ!!Dq0X2DkFhyF93HkjWTBQKhk!G412Dx23NdoeVMEOipiFL1cxWGd-72XaJ42njt2wn2ZEKkPQfXTSefWiPqb8lRi_BBI$" target="_blank">https://www.google.com/books/edition/Handbook_of_Reading_Research_Volume_V/CgPpDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover</a></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="color:rgba(0,0,0,0.87)"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Roboto">Reading Wars:
<a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/can01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https*3A*2F*2Fhechingerreport.org*2Ffour-things-you-need-to-know-about-the-new-reading-wars*2F&data=04*7C01*7Cdavid.olson*40utoronto.ca*7Cbdff5e2e140c457002d608d9ad48a006*7C78aac2262f034b4d9037b46d56c55210*7C0*7C0*7C637731352135428415*7CUnknown*7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0*3D*7C1000&sdata=cxPxkOWk4BqICA8cYLM5fUvAFpJKMKRrZAlFVQRzD3o*3D&reserved=0__;JSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUlJSUl!!Dq0X2DkFhyF93HkjWTBQKhk!G412Dx23NdoeVMEOipiFL1cxWGd-72XaJ42njt2wn2ZEKkPQfXTSefWiPqb8D9lckjg$" target="_blank">
https://hechingerreport.org/four-things-you-need-to-know-about-the-new-reading-wars/</a></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="color:rgba(0,0,0,0.87)"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Roboto"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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