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<p class="MsoNormal">Tom <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Many thanks for your courteous and detailed comments on my posting, and for the very significant contribution you’ve made to adult literacy work in the UK, which you outline in the Appendix to your book.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Best regards<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Colin<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">From: </span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Thomas Sticht <tgsticht@gmail.com><br>
<b>Date: </b>Tuesday, 26 October 2021 at 18:52<br>
<b>To: </b>Colin Harrison <ttach@exmail.nottingham.ac.uk><br>
<b>Cc: </b>reading hall of fame <Reading-hall-of-fame@lists.nottingham.ac.uk><br>
<b>Subject: </b>Re: [Reading-hall-of-fame] $2.2 trillion gain if overcome adult illiteracy<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:12.0pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Colin and all: I empathize with your skeptical response Colin to the latest U.S. adult literacy assessment and the correlations to school grade
level achievement. </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:12.0pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">I, too, have long been skeptical about these psychometric approaches to literacy assessments for adults. In an article for The Canadian Journal
for the Study of Adult Education (online at <a href="https://cjsae.library.dal.ca/index.php/cjsae/article/view/1915/1676">
https://cjsae.library.dal.ca/index.php/cjsae/article/view/1915/1676</a>) I noted the large differences between the test developer’s view of adults’ literacy abilities based on their scores on the standardized tests and the adults’ self perceptions of how well
they thought they could read. For instance, of those adults scoring in the lowest level of reading in the Canadian assessment, almost half (48 percent) thought they read “well” or ”very well”. Less than a fourth of the lowest scoring adults thought their reading
skills were poor. </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:12.0pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:12.0pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">I argued that, in future national assessments, it may be important to pay more attention to determining adults' perceived levels of literacy and
numeracy and providing those who perceive themselves as poorly skilled with information that can be useful in assisting them to overcome various barriers to participation and may motivate them to seek out educational provision. But the large scale, multi-million
dollar psychometric testing goes on declaring many millions of adults illiterate or functionally illiterate while at the same time enrollments in the Adult Education and Literacy System, the largest provider of adult literacy instruction, including English
as an additional language, have fallen dramatically. </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:12.0pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:10.0pt;line-height:12.0pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">I spent quite a bit of time in the UK working with Alan Wells of the Basic Skills Agency, Lord Moser, Baronesses Blatch and
Blackstone, and others on adult basic skills education and found that there were many questions about just how to characterize the literacy skills of adults in the UK. In my ebook on Mainstreaming Marginalized Adults I have an appendix that summarizes my
work in the UK and provides a list of 15 publications of mine in UK journals and reports. If interested, you can read the full account in the ebook online at:
<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324604141_Mainstreaming_Marginalized_Adults_The_Transformation_of_Adult_Basic_Education_in_the_United_States">
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324604141_Mainstreaming_Marginalized_Adults_The_Transformation_of_Adult_Basic_Education_in_the_United_States</a></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:10.0pt;line-height:12.0pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Good to hear from you, Colin. I hope all is going well with you and yours in this trying time of the Covid pandemic. Stay
well!</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:10.0pt;line-height:12.0pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Tom Sticht</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">On Tue, Oct 26, 2021 at 4:54 AM Colin Harrison <<a href="mailto:Colin.Harrison@nottingham.ac.uk">Colin.Harrison@nottingham.ac.uk</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">Hi Tom and everyone<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">Thanks for this posting. Your campaign to support low-literacy adults continues, and as always, is laudable. However….<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">I may be a little slow here, but isn’t it axiomatic that 50% of US sixth graders are reading at sixth grade level, and also that 50% of tenth graders are reading at tenth grade
level, etc? In which case isn’t it nonsense for Forbes to say that more than 50% of US adults are reading at below sixth grade level?<o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="background:white"><span style="color:black">Forgive me it you’ve heard this before, but in 1990, in the very week that I became president of the UK Reading Association, The Daily Telegraph (one of our most revered right-wing newspapers) ran a lead
story over the headline “Tests reveal fall in standard of pupils’ reading.” But that wasn’t all; the subheading was even more worrying: “Number below average level doubles”. This was certainly a shock because now every child in the land was officially below
average! Well, I worked my socks off during my presidential year, and I’m proud to report that under my stewardship, we made excellent progress. By the time I handed over the presidential gavel, England was back on track, and only half the readers in the nation
were below average—and we’ve maintained that proud record ever since. </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="background:white"><span style="color:black">More seriously, let’s not forget that 15% of the US population is non-native born (compare that with Japan and Finland, high performing nations that against which the US is often measured). Another key question
from where did the author get the indicator of ‘sixth-grade reading level’? It’s not at all straightforward to equate adult reading tests results to school grade levels.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">I seem to remember that
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#202122;background:white">
in 2019, the National Center for Educational Statistics reported that the American adult literacy rate was 79 percent.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#202122;background:white"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#202122;background:white">As one retired senior researcher into adult literacy said to me, ‘Colin, don’t repeat
this, but it’s in our interest for there to be moral panic about adult literacy levels; how otherwise would we ever get any funding?’</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#202122;background:white"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#202122;background:white">As ever</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#202122;background:white"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#202122;background:white">Colin</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="background:white"><span style="color:black"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">From:
</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"><<a href="mailto:reading-hall-of-fame-bounces@lists.nottingham.ac.uk" target="_blank">reading-hall-of-fame-bounces@lists.nottingham.ac.uk</a>> on behalf of Thomas Sticht <<a href="mailto:tgsticht@gmail.com" target="_blank">tgsticht@gmail.com</a>><br>
<b>Date: </b>Monday, 25 October 2021 at 22:06<br>
<b>To: </b>reading hall of fame <<a href="mailto:Reading-hall-of-fame@lists.nottingham.ac.uk" target="_blank">Reading-hall-of-fame@lists.nottingham.ac.uk</a>><br>
<b>Subject: </b>[Reading-hall-of-fame] $2.2 trillion gain if overcome adult illiteracy</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p style="color:rgba(0,0,0,0.87)"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Roboto">Colleagues: While looking for information about November as National Family Literacy Month I came across some interesting statements about illiteracy and literacy in the United
States. The first thing that caught my eye was from Forbes magazine online with the bold headline: “<b>Low Literacy Levels Among U.S. Adults Could Be Costing The Economy $2.2 Trillion A Year”</b>! The article went on to say: “Sep 9, 2020 — According to the <b>U.S.</b> Department
of Education, 54% of <b>U.S.</b> adults 16-74 years old - about <b>130 million</b> people - lack proficiency in literacy, ...( see online at: <a href="https://forbes.com/sites/michaeltnietzel/2020/09/09/low-literacy-levels-among-us-adults-could-be-costing-the-economy-22-trillion-a-year/?sh=2d7634974c90" target="_blank"><span style="color:#1A73E8">https://forbes.com/sites/michaeltnietzel/2020/09/09/low-literacy-levels-among-us-adults-could-be-costing-the-economy-22-trillion-a-year/?sh=2d7634974c90</span></a>).</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="color:rgba(0,0,0,0.87)"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Roboto"> The claim that some 130 million adults lack proficiency in literacy reminded me of an earlier news headline from the Washington Post in 1993 stating about U.S. adults: LITERACY
OF 90 MILLION IS DEFICIENT (Online at: <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1993/09/09/literacy-of-90-million-is-deficient/df715ccd-f90b-44e8-8235-f527dde32297/" target="_blank"><span style="color:#1A73E8">https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1993/09/09/literacy-of-90-million-is-deficient/df715ccd-f90b-44e8-8235-f527dde32297/</span></a></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="color:rgba(0,0,0,0.87)"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Roboto">I then recalled that almost a decade later, in 2001, the Washington Post ran an article headlined <b>Adult Illiteracy, Rewritten</b> in which it was reported that the
90 million deficient in literacy number was based on faulty use of a “response probability” and greatly exaggerated the numbers of adults called deficient in literacy, or, as this quickly got popularized as “illiterate”. (Archived online with a new headline
at: <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2001/07/17/millions-of-adults-illiterate-no-more/ac1067cb-9fdd-499b-a4bc-8713fc5a9063/" target="_blank"><span style="color:#1A73E8">https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2001/07/17/millions-of-adults-illiterate-no-more/ac1067cb-9fdd-499b-a4bc-8713fc5a9063/</span></a></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="color:rgba(0,0,0,0.87)"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Roboto">Now a new report conducted by the Gallup organization and sponsored by the Barbara Bush Foundation for Family Literacy has led to media reports, like that by Forbes cited above,
claiming that millions of U.S. adults are “illiterate”. The new report (Rothwell, 2020) is available on the web site for the Barbara Bush Foundation and is titled “<b>Assessing the Economic Gains of Eradicating Illiteracy Nationally and Regionally in the
United States” </b>When I went to the web site I was somewhat surprised to find a banner statement on the front page of the site stating: <b>Literacy is the key to solving healthcare, poverty, crime rates, unemployment, everything!</b></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="color:rgba(0,0,0,0.87)"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Roboto"> Using data from the levels of literacy developed for the Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) and the U.S. Department of Education’s combined
individual PIAAC data from 2012 to 2017 to create estimated literacy levels for every U.S. county, the report states:</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="color:rgba(0,0,0,0.87)"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Roboto"> “This report defines illiteracy as a lack of proficiency on the PIAAC, an internationally validated literacy exam. Adults who score below Level 3 for literacy are not considered
proficient and are defined as at least partially illiterate in this study. Adults below or at Level-1 literacy may struggle to understand texts beyond filling out basic forms. Drawing inferences or combining multiple sources of texts is likely too difficult.
Adults at Level 2 can read well enough to evaluate product reviews and perform other tasks that require comparisons and simple inferences, but they are unlikely to correctly evaluate the reliability of texts or draw sophisticated inferences. Adults at Level
3 and above are considered fully literate in this study. They can reliably evaluate sources, as well as infer sophisticated meaning and complex ideas from written sources.”</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="color:rgba(0,0,0,0.87)"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Roboto">Using these data the report states: “<b>Eradicating illiteracy would have enormous economic benefits. </b>This analysis finds that getting all U.S. adults to at least a [PIAAC]
Level 3 of literacy proficiency would generate an additional $2.2 trillion in annual income for the country. That is 10% of the gross domestic product.”</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="color:rgba(0,0,0,0.87)"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Roboto">For those interested in this report on illiteracy, whether whole or partial, from the Barbara Bush Foundation for Family Literacy the reference is:</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="color:rgba(0,0,0,0.87)"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Roboto">Rothwell, J. (2020). Assessing the Economic Gains of Eradicating Illiteracy Nationally and Regionally in the United States. Available online at: <a href="https://www.barbarabush.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/BBFoundation_GainsFromEradicatingIlliteracy_9_8.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="color:#1A73E8">https://www.barbarabush.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/BBFoundation_GainsFromEradicatingIlliteracy_9_8.pdf</span></a></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="color:rgba(0,0,0,0.87)"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Roboto">Following several years after the 1993 report that some 90 million adults were lacking in literacy, funding and enrollments in the Adult Education and Literacy System (AELS)
made up with funding from the federal Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA) and state sources, rose up to 1998 when the National Reporting System was implemented and since then while funding has risen (but not enough to overcome inflation) enrollments
have plummeted by over 2.5 million from around 4.0 million in 1998 to around 1.3 million or fewer now.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="color:rgba(0,0,0,0.87)"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Roboto">It will be interesting to see where this new initiative by the Barbara Bush Foundation for Family Literacy leads.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="color:rgba(0,0,0,0.87)"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Roboto">Tom Sticht</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="color:rgba(0,0,0,0.87)"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Roboto"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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